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List of Extensions

The infrastructure, networking, OS and other extension components for Gardener

1 - Infrastructure Extensions

Gardener extension controllers for the different infrastructures

1.1 - Provider Alicloud

Gardener extension controller for the Alibaba cloud provider

Gardener Extension for Alicloud provider

Project Gardener implements the automated management and operation of Kubernetes clusters as a service. Its main principle is to leverage Kubernetes concepts for all of its tasks.

Recently, most of the vendor specific logic has been developed in-tree. However, the project has grown to a size where it is very hard to extend, maintain, and test. With GEP-1 we have proposed how the architecture can be changed in a way to support external controllers that contain their very own vendor specifics. This way, we can keep Gardener core clean and independent.

This controller implements Gardener’s extension contract for the Alicloud provider.

An example for a ControllerRegistration resource that can be used to register this controller to Gardener can be found here.

Please find more information regarding the extensibility concepts and a detailed proposal here.

Supported Kubernetes versions

This extension controller supports the following Kubernetes versions:

Version	Support	Conformance test results
Kubernetes 1.29	1.29.0+
Kubernetes 1.28	1.28.0+
Kubernetes 1.27	1.27.0+
Kubernetes 1.26	1.26.0+
Kubernetes 1.25	1.25.0+

Please take a look here to see which versions are supported by Gardener in general.

How to start using or developing this extension controller locally

You can run the controller locally on your machine by executing make start.

Static code checks and tests can be executed by running make verify. We are using Go modules for Golang package dependency management and Ginkgo/Gomega for testing.

Feedback and Support

Feedback and contributions are always welcome. Please report bugs or suggestions as GitHub issues or join our Slack channel #gardener (please invite yourself to the Kubernetes workspace here).

Learn more!

Please find further resources about out project here:

1.1.1 - Tutorials

1.1.1.1 - Create a Kubernetes Cluster on Alibaba Cloud with Gardener

Overview

Gardener allows you to create a Kubernetes cluster on different infrastructure providers. This tutorial will guide you through the process of creating a cluster on Alibaba Cloud.

Prerequisites

You have created an Alibaba Cloud account.
You have access to the Gardener dashboard and have permissions to create projects.

Steps

Go to the Gardener dashboard and create a project.
To be able to add shoot clusters to this project, you must first create a technical user on Alibaba Cloud with sufficient permissions.
Choose Secrets, then the plus icon and select AliCloud.
To copy the policy for Alibaba Cloud from the Gardener dashboard, click on the help icon for Alibaba Cloud secrets, and choose copy .
Create a custom policy in Alibaba Cloud:
1. Log on to your Alibaba account and choose RAM > Permissions > Policies.
2. Enter the name of your policy.
3. Select Script.
4. Paste the policy that you copied from the Gardener dashboard to this custom policy.
5. Choose OK.
In the Alibaba Cloud console, create a new technical user:
1. Choose RAM > Users.
2. Choose Create User.
3. Enter a logon and display name for your user.
4. Select Open API Access.
5. Choose OK.
After the user is created, AccessKeyId and AccessKeySecret are generated and displayed. Remember to save them. The AccessKey is used later to create secrets for Gardener.
Assign the policy you created to the technical user:
1. Choose RAM > Permissions > Grants.
2. Choose Grant Permission.
3. Select Alibaba Cloud Account.
4. Assign the policy you’ve created before to the technical user.
Create your secret.
1. Type the name of your secret.
2. Copy and paste the Access Key ID and Secret Access Key you saved when you created the technical user on Alibaba Cloud.
3. Choose Add secret.
After completing these steps, you should see your newly created secret in the Infrastructure Secrets section.
To create a new cluster, choose Clusters and then the plus sign in the upper right corner.
In the Create Cluster section:
1. Select AliCloud in the Infrastructure tab.
2. Type the name of your cluster in the Cluster Details tab.
3. Choose the secret you created before in the Infrastructure Details tab.
4. Choose Create.
Wait for your cluster to get created.

Result

After completing the steps in this tutorial, you will be able to see and download the kubeconfig of your cluster. With it you can create shoot clusters on Alibaba Cloud.

The size of persistent volumes in your shoot cluster must at least be 20 GiB large. If you choose smaller sizes in your Kubernetes PV definition, the allocation of cloud disk space on Alibaba Cloud fails.

1.1.2 - Deployment

Deployment of the AliCloud provider extension

Disclaimer: This document is NOT a step by step installation guide for the AliCloud provider extension and only contains some configuration specifics regarding the installation of different components via the helm charts residing in the AliCloud provider extension repository.

gardener-extension-admission-alicloud

Authentication against the Garden cluster

There are several authentication possibilities depending on whether or not the concept of Virtual Garden is used.

Virtual Garden is not used, i.e., the `runtime` Garden cluster is also the `target` Garden cluster.

Automounted Service Account Token The easiest way to deploy the gardener-extension-admission-alicloud component will be to not provide kubeconfig at all. This way in-cluster configuration and an automounted service account token will be used. The drawback of this approach is that the automounted token will not be automatically rotated.

Service Account Token Volume Projection Another solution will be to use Service Account Token Volume Projection combined with a kubeconfig referencing a token file (see example below).

apiVersion: v1
kind: Config
clusters:
- cluster:
    certificate-authority-data: <CA-DATA>
    server: https://default.kubernetes.svc.cluster.local
  name: garden
contexts:
- context:
    cluster: garden
    user: garden
  name: garden
current-context: garden
users:
- name: garden
  user:
    tokenFile: /var/run/secrets/projected/serviceaccount/token

This will allow for automatic rotation of the service account token by the kubelet. The configuration can be achieved by setting both .Values.global.serviceAccountTokenVolumeProjection.enabled: true and .Values.global.kubeconfig in the respective chart’s values.yaml file.

Virtual Garden is used, i.e., the `runtime` Garden cluster is different from the `target` Garden cluster.

Service Account The easiest way to setup the authentication will be to create a service account and the respective roles will be bound to this service account in the target cluster. Then use the generated service account token and craft a kubeconfig which will be used by the workload in the runtime cluster. This approach does not provide a solution for the rotation of the service account token. However, this setup can be achieved by setting .Values.global.virtualGarden.enabled: true and following these steps:

Deploy the application part of the charts in the target cluster.
Get the service account token and craft the kubeconfig.
Set the crafted kubeconfig and deploy the runtime part of the charts in the runtime cluster.

Client Certificate Another solution will be to bind the roles in the target cluster to a User subject instead of a service account and use a client certificate for authentication. This approach does not provide a solution for the client certificate rotation. However, this setup can be achieved by setting both .Values.global.virtualGarden.enabled: true and .Values.global.virtualGarden.user.name, then following these steps:

Generate a client certificate for the target cluster for the respective user.
Deploy the application part of the charts in the target cluster.
Craft a kubeconfig using the already generated client certificate.
Set the crafted kubeconfig and deploy the runtime part of the charts in the runtime cluster.

Projected Service Account Token This approach requires an already deployed and configured oidc-webhook-authenticator for the target cluster. Also the runtime cluster should be registered as a trusted identity provider in the target cluster. Then projected service accounts tokens from the runtime cluster can be used to authenticate against the target cluster. The needed steps are as follows:

Deploy OWA and establish the needed trust.
Set .Values.global.virtualGarden.enabled: true and .Values.global.virtualGarden.user.name. Note: username value will depend on the trust configuration, e.g., <prefix>:system:serviceaccount:<namespace>:<serviceaccount>
Set .Values.global.serviceAccountTokenVolumeProjection.enabled: true and .Values.global.serviceAccountTokenVolumeProjection.audience. Note: audience value will depend on the trust configuration, e.g., <cliend-id-from-trust-config>.
Craft a kubeconfig (see example below).
Deploy the application part of the charts in the target cluster.
Deploy the runtime part of the charts in the runtime cluster.

apiVersion: v1
kind: Config
clusters:
- cluster:
    certificate-authority-data: <CA-DATA>
    server: https://virtual-garden.api
  name: virtual-garden
contexts:
- context:
    cluster: virtual-garden
    user: virtual-garden
  name: virtual-garden
current-context: virtual-garden
users:
- name: virtual-garden
  user:
    tokenFile: /var/run/secrets/projected/serviceaccount/token

1.1.3 - Local Setup

admission-alicloud

admission-alicloud is an admission webhook server which is responsible for the validation of the cloud provider (Alicloud in this case) specific fields and resources. The Gardener API server is cloud provider agnostic and it wouldn’t be able to perform similar validation.

Follow the steps below to run the admission webhook server locally.

Start the Gardener API server.
For details, check the Gardener local setup.
Start the webhook server
Make sure that the KUBECONFIG environment variable is pointing to the local garden cluster.
```
make start-admission
```
Setup the ValidatingWebhookConfiguration.
hack/dev-setup-admission-alicloud.sh will configure the webhook Service which will allow the kube-apiserver of your local cluster to reach the webhook server. It will also apply the ValidatingWebhookConfiguration manifest.
```
./hack/dev-setup-admission-alicloud.sh
```

You are now ready to experiment with the admission-alicloud webhook server locally.

1.1.4 - Operations

Using the Alicloud provider extension with Gardener as operator

The core.gardener.cloud/v1beta1.CloudProfile resource declares a providerConfig field that is meant to contain provider-specific configuration. The core.gardener.cloud/v1beta1.Seed resource is structured similarly. Additionally, it allows configuring settings for the backups of the main etcds’ data of shoot clusters control planes running in this seed cluster.

This document explains the necessary configuration for this provider extension. In addition, this document also describes how to enable the use of customized machine images for Alicloud.

`CloudProfile` resource

This section describes, how the configuration for CloudProfile looks like for Alicloud by providing an example CloudProfile manifest with minimal configuration that can be used to allow the creation of Alicloud shoot clusters.

`CloudProfileConfig`

The cloud profile configuration contains information about the real machine image IDs in the Alicloud environment (AMIs). You have to map every version that you specify in .spec.machineImages[].versions here such that the Alicloud extension knows the AMI for every version you want to offer.

An example CloudProfileConfig for the Alicloud extension looks as follows:

apiVersion: alicloud.provider.extensions.gardener.cloud/v1alpha1
kind: CloudProfileConfig
machineImages:
- name: coreos
  versions:
  - version: 2023.4.0
    regions:
    - name: eu-central-1
      id: coreos_2023_4_0_64_30G_alibase_20190319.vhd

Example `CloudProfile` manifest

Please find below an example CloudProfile manifest:

apiVersion: core.gardener.cloud/v1beta1
kind: CloudProfile
metadata:
  name: alicloud
spec:
  type: alicloud
  kubernetes:
    versions:
    - version: 1.27.3
    - version: 1.26.8
      expirationDate: "2022-10-31T23:59:59Z"
  machineImages:
  - name: coreos
    versions:
    - version: 2023.4.0
  machineTypes:
  - name: ecs.sn2ne.large
    cpu: "2"
    gpu: "0"
    memory: 8Gi
  volumeTypes:
  - name: cloud_efficiency
    class: standard
  - name: cloud_essd
    class: premium
  regions:
  - name: eu-central-1
    zones:
    - name: eu-central-1a
    - name: eu-central-1b
  providerConfig:
    apiVersion: alicloud.provider.extensions.gardener.cloud/v1alpha1
    kind: CloudProfileConfig
    machineImages:
    - name: coreos
      versions:
      - version: 2023.4.0
        regions:
        - name: eu-central-1
          id: coreos_2023_4_0_64_30G_alibase_20190319.vhd

Enable customized machine images for the Alicloud extension

Customized machine images can be created for an Alicloud account and shared with other Alicloud accounts. The same customized machine image has different image ID in different regions on Alicloud. If you need to enable encrypted system disk, you must provide customized machine images. Administrators/Operators need to explicitly declare them per imageID per region as below:

machineImages:
- name: customized_coreos
  regions:
  - imageID: <image_id_in_eu_central_1>
    region: eu-central-1
  - imageID: <image_id_in_cn_shanghai>
    region: cn-shanghai
  ...
  version: 2191.4.1
...

End-users have to have the permission to use the customized image from its creator Alicloud account. To enable end-users to use customized images, the images are shared from Alicloud account of Seed operator with end-users’ Alicloud accounts. Administrators/Operators need to explicitly provide Seed operator’s Alicloud account access credentials (base64 encoded) as below:

machineImageOwnerSecret:
  name: machine-image-owner
  accessKeyID: <base64_encoded_access_key_id>
  accessKeySecret: <base64_encoded_access_key_secret>

As a result, a Secret named machine-image-owner by default will be created in namespace of Alicloud provider extension.

Operators should also maintain custom image IDs which are to be shared with end-users as below:

toBeSharedImageIDs:
- <image_id_1>
- <image_id_2>
- <image_id_3>

Example `ControllerDeployment` manifest for enabling customized machine images

apiVersion: core.gardener.cloud/v1beta1
kind: ControllerDeployment
metadata:
  name: extension-provider-alicloud
spec:
  type: helm
   providerConfig:
    chart: |
            H4sIFAAAAAAA/yk...
    values:
      config:
        machineImageOwnerSecret:
          accessKeyID: <base64_encoded_access_key_id>
          accessKeySecret: <base64_encoded_access_key_secret>
        toBeSharedImageIDs:
        - <image_id_1>
        - <image_id_2>
        ...
        machineImages:
        - name: customized_coreos
          regions:
          - imageID: <image_id_in_eu_central_1>
            region: eu-central-1
          - imageID: <image_id_in_cn_shanghai>
            region: cn-shanghai
          ...
          version: 2191.4.1
        ...
        csi:
          enableADController: true
      resources:
        limits:
          cpu: 500m
          memory: 1Gi
        requests:
          memory: 128Mi

`Seed` resource

This provider extension does not support any provider configuration for the Seed’s .spec.provider.providerConfig field. However, it supports to managing of backup infrastructure, i.e., you can specify a configuration for the .spec.backup field.

Backup configuration

A Seed of type alicloud can be configured to perform backups for the main etcds’ of the shoot clusters control planes using Alicloud Object Storage Service.

The location/region where the backups will be stored defaults to the region of the Seed (spec.provider.region).

Please find below an example Seed manifest (partly) that configures backups using Alicloud Object Storage Service.

---
apiVersion: core.gardener.cloud/v1beta1
kind: Seed
metadata:
  name: my-seed
spec:
  provider:
    type: alicloud
    region: cn-shanghai
  backup:
    provider: alicloud
    secretRef:
      name: backup-credentials
      namespace: garden
  ...

An example of the referenced secret containing the credentials for the Alicloud Object Storage Service can be found in the example folder.

Permissions for Alicloud Object Storage Service

Please make sure the RAM user associated with the provided AccessKey pair has the following permission.

AliyunOSSFullAccess

1.1.5 - Usage

Using the Alicloud provider extension with Gardener as end-user

The core.gardener.cloud/v1beta1.Shoot resource declares a few fields that are meant to contain provider-specific configuration.

This document describes the configurable options for Alicloud and provides an example Shoot manifest with minimal configuration that can be used to create an Alicloud cluster (modulo the landscape-specific information like cloud profile names, secret binding names, etc.).

Alicloud Provider Credentials

In order for Gardener to create a Kubernetes cluster using Alicloud infrastructure components, a Shoot has to provide credentials with sufficient permissions to the desired Alicloud project. Every shoot cluster references a SecretBinding which itself references a Secret, and this Secret contains the provider credentials of the Alicloud project.

This Secret must look as follows:

apiVersion: v1
kind: Secret
metadata:
  name: core-alicloud
  namespace: garden-dev
type: Opaque
data:
  accessKeyID: base64(access-key-id)
  accessKeySecret: base64(access-key-secret)

The SecretBinding is configurable in the Shoot cluster with the field secretBindingName.

The required credentials for the Alicloud project are an AccessKey Pair associated with a Resource Access Management (RAM) User. A RAM user is a special account that can be used by services and applications to interact with Alicloud Cloud Platform APIs. Applications can use AccessKey pair to authorize themselves to a set of APIs and perform actions within the permissions granted to the RAM user.

Make sure to create a Resource Access Management User, and create an AccessKey Pair that shall be used for the Shoot cluster.

Permissions

Please make sure the provided credentials have the correct privileges. You can use the following Alicloud RAM policy document and attach it to the RAM user backed by the credentials you provided.

Click to expand the Alicloud RAM policy document!

{
    "Statement": [
        {
            "Action": [
                "vpc:*"
            ],
            "Effect": "Allow",
            "Resource": [
                "*"
            ]
        },
        {
            "Action": [
                "ecs:*"
            ],
            "Effect": "Allow",
            "Resource": [
                "*"
            ]
        },
        {
            "Action": [
                "slb:*"
            ],
            "Effect": "Allow",
            "Resource": [
                "*"
            ]
        },
        {
            "Action": [
                "ram:GetRole",
                "ram:CreateRole",
                "ram:CreateServiceLinkedRole"
            ],
            "Effect": "Allow",
            "Resource": [
                "*"
            ]
        },
        {
            "Action": [
                "ros:*"
            ],
            "Effect": "Allow",
            "Resource": [
                "*"
            ]
        }
    ],
    "Version": "1"
}

`InfrastructureConfig`

The infrastructure configuration mainly describes how the network layout looks like in order to create the shoot worker nodes in a later step, thus, prepares everything relevant to create VMs, load balancers, volumes, etc.

An example InfrastructureConfig for the Alicloud extension looks as follows:

apiVersion: alicloud.provider.extensions.gardener.cloud/v1alpha1
kind: InfrastructureConfig
networks:
  vpc: # specify either 'id' or 'cidr'
  # id: my-vpc
    cidr: 10.250.0.0/16
  # gardenerManagedNATGateway: true
  zones:
  - name: eu-central-1a
    workers: 10.250.1.0/24
  # natGateway:
    # eipAllocationID: eip-ufxsdg122elmszcg

The networks.vpc section describes whether you want to create the shoot cluster in an already existing VPC or whether to create a new one:

If networks.vpc.id is given then you have to specify the VPC ID of the existing VPC that was created by other means (manually, other tooling, …).
If networks.vpc.cidr is given then you have to specify the VPC CIDR of a new VPC that will be created during shoot creation. You can freely choose a private CIDR range.
Either networks.vpc.id or networks.vpc.cidr must be present, but not both at the same time.
When networks.vpc.id is present, in addition, you can also choose to set networks.vpc.gardenerManagedNATGateway. It is by default false. When it is set to true, Gardener will create an Enhanced NATGateway in the VPC and associate it with a VSwitch created in the first zone in the networks.zones.
Please note that when networks.vpc.id is present, and networks.vpc.gardenerManagedNATGateway is false or not set, you have to manually create an Enhance NATGateway and associate it with a VSwitch that you manually created. In this case, make sure the worker CIDRs in networks.zones do not overlap with the one you created. If a NATGateway is created manually and a shoot is created in the same VPC with networks.vpc.gardenerManagedNATGateway set true, you need to manually adjust the route rule accordingly. You may refer to here.

The networks.zones section describes which subnets you want to create in availability zones. For every zone, the Alicloud extension creates one subnet:

The workers subnet is used for all shoot worker nodes, i.e., VMs which later run your applications.

For every subnet, you have to specify a CIDR range contained in the VPC CIDR specified above, or the VPC CIDR of your already existing VPC. You can freely choose these CIDR and it is your responsibility to properly design the network layout to suit your needs.

If you want to use multiple availability zones then add a second, third, … entry to the networks.zones[] list and properly specify the AZ name in networks.zones[].name.

Apart from the VPC and the subnets the Alicloud extension will also create a NAT gateway (only if a new VPC is created), a key pair, elastic IPs, VSwitches, a SNAT table entry, and security groups.

By default, the Alicloud extension will create a corresponding Elastic IP that it attaches to this NAT gateway and which is used for egress traffic. The networks.zones[].natGateway.eipAllocationID field allows you to specify the Elastic IP Allocation ID of an existing Elastic IP allocation in case you want to bring your own. If provided, no new Elastic IP will be created and, instead, the Elastic IP specified by you will be used.

⚠️ If you change this field for an already existing infrastructure then it will disrupt egress traffic while Alicloud applies this change, because the NAT gateway must be recreated with the new Elastic IP association. Also, please note that the existing Elastic IP will be permanently deleted if it was earlier created by the Alicloud extension.

`ControlPlaneConfig`

The control plane configuration mainly contains values for the Alicloud-specific control plane components. Today, the Alicloud extension deploys the cloud-controller-manager and the CSI controllers.

An example ControlPlaneConfig for the Alicloud extension looks as follows:

apiVersion: alicloud.provider.extensions.gardener.cloud/v1alpha1
kind: ControlPlaneConfig
csi:
  enableADController: true
cloudControllerManager:
  featureGates:
    RotateKubeletServerCertificate: true

The csi.enableADController is used as the value of environment DISK_AD_CONTROLLER, which is used for AliCloud csi-disk-plugin. This field is optional. When a new shoot is creatd, this field is automatically set true. For an existing shoot created in previous versions, it remains unchanged. If there are persistent volumes created before year 2021, please be cautious to set this field true because they may fail to mount to nodes.

The cloudControllerManager.featureGates contains a map of explicitly enabled or disabled feature gates. For production usage it’s not recommend to use this field at all as you can enable alpha features or disable beta/stable features, potentially impacting the cluster stability. If you don’t want to configure anything for the cloudControllerManager simply omit the key in the YAML specification.

`WorkerConfig`

The Alicloud extension does not support a specific WorkerConfig. However, it supports additional data volumes (plus encryption) per machine. By default (if not stated otherwise), all the disks are unencrypted. For each data volume, you have to specify a name. It also supports encrypted system disk. However, only Customized image is currently supported to be used as a basic image for encrypted system disk. Please be noted that the change of system disk encryption flag will cause reconciliation of a shoot, and it will result in nodes rolling update within the worker group.

The following YAML is a snippet of a Shoot resource:

spec:
  provider:
    workers:
    - name: cpu-worker
      ...
      volume:
        type: cloud_efficiency
        size: 20Gi
        encrypted: true
      dataVolumes:
      - name: kubelet-dir
        type: cloud_efficiency
        size: 25Gi
        encrypted: true

Example `Shoot` manifest (one availability zone)

Please find below an example Shoot manifest for one availability zone:

apiVersion: core.gardener.cloud/v1beta1
kind: Shoot
metadata:
  name: johndoe-alicloud
  namespace: garden-dev
spec:
  cloudProfileName: alicloud
  region: eu-central-1
  secretBindingName: core-alicloud
  provider:
    type: alicloud
    infrastructureConfig:
      apiVersion: alicloud.provider.extensions.gardener.cloud/v1alpha1
      kind: InfrastructureConfig
      networks:
        vpc:
          cidr: 10.250.0.0/16
        zones:
        - name: eu-central-1a
          workers: 10.250.0.0/19
    controlPlaneConfig:
      apiVersion: alicloud.provider.extensions.gardener.cloud/v1alpha1
      kind: ControlPlaneConfig
    workers:
    - name: worker-xoluy
      machine:
        type: ecs.sn2ne.large
      minimum: 2
      maximum: 2
      volume:
        size: 50Gi
        type: cloud_efficiency
      zones:
      - eu-central-1a
  networking:
    nodes: 10.250.0.0/16
    type: calico
  kubernetes:
    version: 1.28.2
  maintenance:
    autoUpdate:
      kubernetesVersion: true
      machineImageVersion: true
  addons:
    kubernetesDashboard:
      enabled: true
    nginxIngress:
      enabled: true

Example `Shoot` manifest (two availability zones)

Please find below an example Shoot manifest for two availability zones:

apiVersion: core.gardener.cloud/v1beta1
kind: Shoot
metadata:
  name: johndoe-alicloud
  namespace: garden-dev
spec:
  cloudProfileName: alicloud
  region: eu-central-1
  secretBindingName: core-alicloud
  provider:
    type: alicloud
    infrastructureConfig:
      apiVersion: alicloud.provider.extensions.gardener.cloud/v1alpha1
      kind: InfrastructureConfig
      networks:
        vpc:
          cidr: 10.250.0.0/16
        zones:
        - name: eu-central-1a
          workers: 10.250.0.0/26
        - name: eu-central-1b
          workers: 10.250.0.64/26
    controlPlaneConfig:
      apiVersion: alicloud.provider.extensions.gardener.cloud/v1alpha1
      kind: ControlPlaneConfig
    workers:
    - name: worker-xoluy
      machine:
        type: ecs.sn2ne.large
      minimum: 2
      maximum: 4
      volume:
        size: 50Gi
        type: cloud_efficiency
        # NOTE: Below comment is for the case when encrypted field of an existing shoot is updated from false to true.
        # It will cause affected nodes to be rolling updated. Users must trigger a MAINTAIN operation of the shoot.
        # Otherwise, the shoot will fail to reconcile.
        # You could do it either via Dashboard or annotating the shoot with gardener.cloud/operation=maintain
        encrypted: true
      zones:
      - eu-central-1a
      - eu-central-1b
  networking:
    nodes: 10.250.0.0/16
    type: calico
  kubernetes:
    version: 1.28.2
  maintenance:
    autoUpdate:
      kubernetesVersion: true
      machineImageVersion: true
  addons:
    kubernetesDashboard:
      enabled: true
    nginxIngress:
      enabled: true

Kubernetes Versions per Worker Pool

This extension supports gardener/gardener’s WorkerPoolKubernetesVersion feature gate, i.e., having worker pools with overridden Kubernetes versions since gardener-extension-provider-alicloud@v1.33.

Shoot CA Certificate and `ServiceAccount` Signing Key Rotation

This extension supports gardener/gardener’s ShootCARotation feature gate since gardener-extension-provider-alicloud@v1.36 and ShootSARotation feature gate since gardener-extension-provider-alicloud@v1.37.

1.2 - Provider AWS

Gardener extension controller for the AWS cloud provider

Gardener Extension for AWS provider

Project Gardener implements the automated management and operation of Kubernetes clusters as a service. Its main principle is to leverage Kubernetes concepts for all of its tasks.

This controller implements Gardener’s extension contract for the AWS provider.

An example for a ControllerRegistration resource that can be used to register this controller to Gardener can be found here.

Please find more information regarding the extensibility concepts and a detailed proposal here.

Supported Kubernetes versions

This extension controller supports the following Kubernetes versions:

Version	Support	Conformance test results
Kubernetes 1.29	1.29.0+
Kubernetes 1.28	1.28.0+
Kubernetes 1.27	1.27.0+
Kubernetes 1.26	1.26.0+
Kubernetes 1.25	1.25.0+

Please take a look here to see which versions are supported by Gardener in general.

Compatibility

The following lists known compatibility issues of this extension controller with other Gardener components.

AWS Extension	Gardener	Action	Notes
`<= v1.15.0`	`>v1.10.0`	Please update the provider version to `> v1.15.0` or disable the feature gate `MountHostCADirectories` in the Gardenlet.	Applies if feature flag `MountHostCADirectories` in the Gardenlet is enabled. Shoots with CSI enabled (Kubernetes version >= 1.18) miss a mount to the directory `/etc/ssl` in the Shoot API Server. This can lead to not trusting external Root CAs when the API Server makes requests via webhooks or OIDC.

How to start using or developing this extension controller locally

You can run the controller locally on your machine by executing make start.

Static code checks and tests can be executed by running make verify. We are using Go modules for Golang package dependency management and Ginkgo/Gomega for testing.

Feedback and Support

Feedback and contributions are always welcome. Please report bugs or suggestions as GitHub issues or join our Slack channel #gardener (please invite yourself to the Kubernetes workspace here).

Learn more!

Please find further resources about out project here:

1.2.1 - Tutorials

Overview

Gardener allows you to create a Kubernetes cluster on different infrastructure providers. This tutorial will guide you through the process of creating a cluster on AWS.

Prerequisites

You have created an AWS account.
You have access to the Gardener dashboard and have permissions to create projects.

Steps

Go to the Gardener dashboard and create a Project.
Choose Secrets, then the plus icon and select AWS.
To copy the policy for AWS from the Gardener dashboard, click on the help icon for AWS secrets, and choose copy .
Create a new policy in AWS:
1. Choose Create policy.
2. Paste the policy that you copied from the Gardener dashboard to this custom policy.
3. Choose Next until you reach the Review section.
4. Fill in the name and description, then choose Create policy.
Create a new technical user in AWS:
1. Type in a username and select the access key credential type.
2. Choose Attach an existing policy.
3. Select GardenerAccess from the policy list.
4. Choose Next until you reach the Review section.
Note
Note: After the user is created, Access key ID and Secret access key are generated and displayed. Remember to save them. The Access key ID is used later to create secrets for Gardener.
On the Gardener dashboard, choose Secrets and then the plus sign . Select AWS from the drop down menu to add a new AWS secret.
Create your secret.
1. Type the name of your secret.
2. Copy and paste the Access Key ID and Secret Access Key you saved when you created the technical user on AWS.
3. Choose Add secret.
After completing these steps, you should see your newly created secret in the Infrastructure Secrets section.
To create a new cluster, choose Clusters and then the plus sign in the upper right corner.
In the Create Cluster section:
1. Select AWS in the Infrastructure tab.
2. Type the name of your cluster in the Cluster Details tab.
3. Choose the secret you created before in the Infrastructure Details tab.
4. Choose Create.
Wait for your cluster to get created.

Result

After completing the steps in this tutorial, you will be able to see and download the kubeconfig of your cluster.

1.2.2 - Deployment

Deployment of the AWS provider extension

Disclaimer: This document is NOT a step by step installation guide for the AWS provider extension and only contains some configuration specifics regarding the installation of different components via the helm charts residing in the AWS provider extension repository.

gardener-extension-admission-aws

Authentication against the Garden cluster

There are several authentication possibilities depending on whether or not the concept of Virtual Garden is used.

Virtual Garden is not used, i.e., the `runtime` Garden cluster is also the `target` Garden cluster.

Automounted Service Account Token The easiest way to deploy the gardener-extension-admission-aws component will be to not provide kubeconfig at all. This way in-cluster configuration and an automounted service account token will be used. The drawback of this approach is that the automounted token will not be automatically rotated.

Service Account Token Volume Projection Another solution will be to use Service Account Token Volume Projection combined with a kubeconfig referencing a token file (see example below).

apiVersion: v1
kind: Config
clusters:
- cluster:
    certificate-authority-data: <CA-DATA>
    server: https://default.kubernetes.svc.cluster.local
  name: garden
contexts:
- context:
    cluster: garden
    user: garden
  name: garden
current-context: garden
users:
- name: garden
  user:
    tokenFile: /var/run/secrets/projected/serviceaccount/token

Virtual Garden is used, i.e., the `runtime` Garden cluster is different from the `target` Garden cluster.

Deploy the application part of the charts in the target cluster.
Get the service account token and craft the kubeconfig.
Set the crafted kubeconfig and deploy the runtime part of the charts in the runtime cluster.

Generate a client certificate for the target cluster for the respective user.
Deploy the application part of the charts in the target cluster.
Craft a kubeconfig using the already generated client certificate.
Set the crafted kubeconfig and deploy the runtime part of the charts in the runtime cluster.

Deploy OWA and establish the needed trust.
Set .Values.global.virtualGarden.enabled: true and .Values.global.virtualGarden.user.name. Note: username value will depend on the trust configuration, e.g., <prefix>:system:serviceaccount:<namespace>:<serviceaccount>
Set .Values.global.serviceAccountTokenVolumeProjection.enabled: true and .Values.global.serviceAccountTokenVolumeProjection.audience. Note: audience value will depend on the trust configuration, e.g., <cliend-id-from-trust-config>.
Craft a kubeconfig (see example below).
Deploy the application part of the charts in the target cluster.
Deploy the runtime part of the charts in the runtime cluster.

apiVersion: v1
kind: Config
clusters:
- cluster:
    certificate-authority-data: <CA-DATA>
    server: https://virtual-garden.api
  name: virtual-garden
contexts:
- context:
    cluster: virtual-garden
    user: virtual-garden
  name: virtual-garden
current-context: virtual-garden
users:
- name: virtual-garden
  user:
    tokenFile: /var/run/secrets/projected/serviceaccount/token

1.2.3 - Dual Stack Ingress

Using IPv4/IPv6 (dual-stack) Ingress in an IPv4 single-stack cluster

Motivation

IPv6 adoption is continuously growing, already overtaking IPv4 in certain regions, e.g. India, or scenarios, e.g. mobile. Even though most IPv6 installations deploy means to reach IPv4, it might still be beneficial to expose services natively via IPv4 and IPv6 instead of just relying on IPv4.

Disadvantages of full IPv4/IPv6 (dual-stack) Deployments

Enabling full IPv4/IPv6 (dual-stack) support in a kubernetes cluster is a major endeavor. It requires a lot of changes and restarts of all pods so that all pods get addresses for both IP families. A side-effect of dual-stack networking is that failures may be hidden as network traffic may take the other protocol to reach the target. For this reason and also due to reduced operational complexity, service teams might lean towards staying in a single-stack environment as much as possible. Luckily, this is possible with Gardener and IPv4/IPv6 (dual-stack) ingress on AWS.

Simplifying IPv4/IPv6 (dual-stack) Ingress with Protocol Translation on AWS

Fortunately, the network load balancer on AWS supports automatic protocol translation, i.e. it can expose both IPv4 and IPv6 endpoints while communicating with just one protocol to the backends. Under the hood, automatic protocol translation takes place. Client IP address preservation can be achieved by using proxy protocol.

This approach enables users to expose IPv4 workload to IPv6-only clients without having to change the workload/service. Without requiring invasive changes, it allows a fairly simple first step into the IPv6 world for services just requiring ingress (incoming) communication.

Necessary Shoot Cluster Configuration Changes for IPv4/IPv6 (dual-stack) Ingress

To be able to utilize IPv4/IPv6 (dual-stack) Ingress in an IPv4 shoot cluster, the cluster needs to meet two preconditions:

dualStack.enabled needs to be set to true to configure VPC/subnet for IPv6 and add a routing rule for IPv6. (This does not add IPv6 addresses to kubernetes nodes.)
loadBalancerController.enabled needs to be set to true as well to use the load balancer controller, which supports dual-stack ingress.

apiVersion: core.gardener.cloud/v1beta1
kind: Shoot
...
spec:
  provider:
    type: aws
    infrastructureConfig:
      apiVersion: aws.provider.extensions.gardener.cloud/v1alpha1
      kind: InfrastructureConfig
      dualStack:
        enabled: true
    controlPlaneConfig:
      apiVersion: aws.provider.extensions.gardener.cloud/v1alpha1
      kind: ControlPlaneConfig
      loadBalancerController:
        enabled: true
...

When infrastructureConfig.networks.vpc.id is set to the ID of an existing VPC, please make sure that your VPC has an Amazon-provided IPv6 CIDR block added.

After adapting the shoot specification and reconciling the cluster, dual-stack load balancers can be created using kubernetes services objects.

Creating an IPv4/IPv6 (dual-stack) Ingress

With the preconditions set, creating an IPv4/IPv6 load balancer is as easy as annotating a service with the correct annotations:

apiVersion: v1
kind: Service
metadata:
  annotations:
    service.beta.kubernetes.io/aws-load-balancer-ip-address-type: dualstack
    service.beta.kubernetes.io/aws-load-balancer-scheme: internet-facing
    service.beta.kubernetes.io/aws-load-balancer-nlb-target-type: instance
    service.beta.kubernetes.io/aws-load-balancer-type: external
  name: ...
  namespace: ...
spec:
  ...
  type: LoadBalancer

In case the client IP address should be preserved, the following annotation can be used to enable proxy protocol. (The pod receiving the traffic needs to be configured for proxy protocol as well.)

    service.beta.kubernetes.io/aws-load-balancer-proxy-protocol: "*"

Please note that changing an existing Service to dual-stack may cause the creation of a new load balancer without deletion of the old AWS load balancer resource. While this helps in a seamless migration by not cutting existing connections it may lead to wasted/forgotten resources. Therefore, the (manual) cleanup needs to be taken into account when migrating an existing Service instance.

For more details see AWS Load Balancer Documentation - Network Load Balancer.

1.2.4 - Local Setup

admission-aws

admission-aws is an admission webhook server which is responsible for the validation of the cloud provider (AWS in this case) specific fields and resources. The Gardener API server is cloud provider agnostic and it wouldn’t be able to perform similar validation.

Follow the steps below to run the admission webhook server locally.

Start the Gardener API server.
For details, check the Gardener local setup.
Start the webhook server
Make sure that the KUBECONFIG environment variable is pointing to the local garden cluster.
```
make start-admission
```
Setup the ValidatingWebhookConfiguration.
hack/dev-setup-admission-aws.sh will configure the webhook Service which will allow the kube-apiserver of your local cluster to reach the webhook server. It will also apply the ValidatingWebhookConfiguration manifest.
```
./hack/dev-setup-admission-aws.sh
```

You are now ready to experiment with the admission-aws webhook server locally.

1.2.5 - Operations

Using the AWS provider extension with Gardener as operator

The core.gardener.cloud/v1beta1.CloudProfile resource declares a providerConfig field that is meant to contain provider-specific configuration. Similarly, the core.gardener.cloud/v1beta1.Seed resource is structured. Additionally, it allows to configure settings for the backups of the main etcds’ data of shoot clusters control planes running in this seed cluster.

This document explains what is necessary to configure for this provider extension.

`CloudProfile` resource

In this section we are describing how the configuration for CloudProfiles looks like for AWS and provide an example CloudProfile manifest with minimal configuration that you can use to allow creating AWS shoot clusters.

`CloudProfileConfig`

The cloud profile configuration contains information about the real machine image IDs in the AWS environment (AMIs). You have to map every version that you specify in .spec.machineImages[].versions here such that the AWS extension knows the AMI for every version you want to offer. For each AMI an architecture field can be specified which specifies the CPU architecture of the machine on which given machine image can be used.

An example CloudProfileConfig for the AWS extension looks as follows:

apiVersion: aws.provider.extensions.gardener.cloud/v1alpha1
kind: CloudProfileConfig
machineImages:
- name: coreos
  versions:
  - version: 2135.6.0
    regions:
    - name: eu-central-1
      ami: ami-034fd8c3f4026eb39
      # architecture: amd64 # optional

Example `CloudProfile` manifest

Please find below an example CloudProfile manifest:

apiVersion: core.gardener.cloud/v1beta1
kind: CloudProfile
metadata:
  name: aws
spec:
  type: aws
  kubernetes:
    versions:
    - version: 1.27.3
    - version: 1.26.8
      expirationDate: "2022-10-31T23:59:59Z"
  machineImages:
  - name: coreos
    versions:
    - version: 2135.6.0
  machineTypes:
  - name: m5.large
    cpu: "2"
    gpu: "0"
    memory: 8Gi
    usable: true
  volumeTypes:
  - name: gp2
    class: standard
    usable: true
  - name: io1
    class: premium
    usable: true
  regions:
  - name: eu-central-1
    zones:
    - name: eu-central-1a
    - name: eu-central-1b
    - name: eu-central-1c
  providerConfig:
    apiVersion: aws.provider.extensions.gardener.cloud/v1alpha1
    kind: CloudProfileConfig
    machineImages:
    - name: coreos
      versions:
      - version: 2135.6.0
        regions:
        - name: eu-central-1
          ami: ami-034fd8c3f4026eb39
          # architecture: amd64 # optional

`Seed` resource

This provider extension does not support any provider configuration for the Seed’s .spec.provider.providerConfig field. However, it supports to manage backup infrastructure, i.e., you can specify configuration for the .spec.backup field.

Backup configuration

Please find below an example Seed manifest (partly) that configures backups. As you can see, the location/region where the backups will be stored can be different to the region where the seed cluster is running.

apiVersion: v1
kind: Secret
metadata:
  name: backup-credentials
  namespace: garden
type: Opaque
data:
  accessKeyID: base64(access-key-id)
  secretAccessKey: base64(secret-access-key)
---
apiVersion: core.gardener.cloud/v1beta1
kind: Seed
metadata:
  name: my-seed
spec:
  provider:
    type: aws
    region: eu-west-1
  backup:
    provider: aws
    region: eu-central-1
    secretRef:
      name: backup-credentials
      namespace: garden
  ...

Please look up https://docs.aws.amazon.com/general/latest/gr/aws-sec-cred-types.html#access-keys-and-secret-access-keys as well.

Permissions for AWS IAM user

Please make sure that the provided credentials have the correct privileges. You can use the following AWS IAM policy document and attach it to the IAM user backed by the credentials you provided (please check the official AWS documentation as well):

Click to expand the AWS IAM policy document!

{
  "Version": "2012-10-17",
  "Statement": [
    {
      "Effect": "Allow",
      "Action": "s3:*",
      "Resource": "*"
    }
  ]
}

1.2.6 - Usage

Using the AWS provider extension with Gardener as end-user

The core.gardener.cloud/v1beta1.Shoot resource declares a few fields that are meant to contain provider-specific configuration.

In this document we are describing how this configuration looks like for AWS and provide an example Shoot manifest with minimal configuration that you can use to create an AWS cluster (modulo the landscape-specific information like cloud profile names, secret binding names, etc.).

Provider Secret Data

Every shoot cluster references a SecretBinding which itself references a Secret, and this Secret contains the provider credentials of your AWS account. This Secret must look as follows:

apiVersion: v1
kind: Secret
metadata:
  name: core-aws
  namespace: garden-dev
type: Opaque
data:
  accessKeyID: base64(access-key-id)
  secretAccessKey: base64(secret-access-key)

The AWS documentation explains the necessary steps to enable programmatic access, i.e. create access key ID and access key, for the user of your choice.

⚠️ For security reasons, we recommend creating a dedicated user with programmatic access only. Please avoid re-using a IAM user which has access to the AWS console (human user).

⚠️ Depending on your AWS API usage it can be problematic to reuse the same AWS Account for different Shoot clusters in the same region due to rate limits. Please consider spreading your Shoots over multiple AWS Accounts if you are hitting those limits.

Permissions

Click to expand the AWS IAM policy document!

{
  "Version": "2012-10-17",
  "Statement": [
    {
      "Effect": "Allow",
      "Action": "autoscaling:*",
      "Resource": "*"
    },
    {
      "Effect": "Allow",
      "Action": "ec2:*",
      "Resource": "*"
    },
    {
      "Effect": "Allow",
      "Action": "elasticloadbalancing:*",
      "Resource": "*"
    },
    {
      "Action": [
        "iam:GetInstanceProfile",
        "iam:GetPolicy",
        "iam:GetPolicyVersion",
        "iam:GetRole",
        "iam:GetRolePolicy",
        "iam:ListPolicyVersions",
        "iam:ListRolePolicies",
        "iam:ListAttachedRolePolicies",
        "iam:ListInstanceProfilesForRole",
        "iam:CreateInstanceProfile",
        "iam:CreatePolicy",
        "iam:CreatePolicyVersion",
        "iam:CreateRole",
        "iam:CreateServiceLinkedRole",
        "iam:AddRoleToInstanceProfile",
        "iam:AttachRolePolicy",
        "iam:DetachRolePolicy",
        "iam:RemoveRoleFromInstanceProfile",
        "iam:DeletePolicy",
        "iam:DeletePolicyVersion",
        "iam:DeleteRole",
        "iam:DeleteRolePolicy",
        "iam:DeleteInstanceProfile",
        "iam:PutRolePolicy",
        "iam:PassRole",
        "iam:UpdateAssumeRolePolicy"
      ],
      "Effect": "Allow",
      "Resource": "*"
    },
    // The following permission set is only needed, if AWS Load Balancer controller is enabled (see ControlPlaneConfig)
    {
      "Effect": "Allow",
      "Action": [
        "cognito-idp:DescribeUserPoolClient",
        "acm:ListCertificates",
        "acm:DescribeCertificate",
        "iam:ListServerCertificates",
        "iam:GetServerCertificate",
        "waf-regional:GetWebACL",
        "waf-regional:GetWebACLForResource",
        "waf-regional:AssociateWebACL",
        "waf-regional:DisassociateWebACL",
        "wafv2:GetWebACL",
        "wafv2:GetWebACLForResource",
        "wafv2:AssociateWebACL",
        "wafv2:DisassociateWebACL",
        "shield:GetSubscriptionState",
        "shield:DescribeProtection",
        "shield:CreateProtection",
        "shield:DeleteProtection"
      ],
      "Resource": "*"
    }
  ]
}

`InfrastructureConfig`

An example InfrastructureConfig for the AWS extension looks as follows:

apiVersion: aws.provider.extensions.gardener.cloud/v1alpha1
kind: InfrastructureConfig
enableECRAccess: true
dualStack:
  enabled: false
networks:
  vpc: # specify either 'id' or 'cidr'
  # id: vpc-123456
    cidr: 10.250.0.0/16
  # gatewayEndpoints:
  # - s3
  zones:
  - name: eu-west-1a
    internal: 10.250.112.0/22
    public: 10.250.96.0/22
    workers: 10.250.0.0/19
  # elasticIPAllocationID: eipalloc-123456
ignoreTags:
  keys: # individual ignored tag keys
  - SomeCustomKey
  - AnotherCustomKey
  keyPrefixes: # ignored tag key prefixes
  - user.specific/prefix/

The enableECRAccess flag specifies whether the AWS IAM role policy attached to all worker nodes of the cluster shall contain permissions to access the Elastic Container Registry of the respective AWS account. If the flag is not provided it is defaulted to true. Please note that if the iamInstanceProfile is set for a worker pool in the WorkerConfig (see below) then enableECRAccess does not have any effect. It only applies for those worker pools whose iamInstanceProfile is not set.

Click to expand the default AWS IAM policy document used for the instance profiles!

{
  "Version": "2012-10-17",
  "Statement": [
    {
      "Effect": "Allow",
      "Action": [
        "ec2:DescribeInstances"
      ],
      "Resource": [
        "*"
      ]
    },
    // Only if `.enableECRAccess` is `true`.
    {
      "Effect": "Allow",
      "Action": [
        "ecr:GetAuthorizationToken",
        "ecr:BatchCheckLayerAvailability",
        "ecr:GetDownloadUrlForLayer",
        "ecr:GetRepositoryPolicy",
        "ecr:DescribeRepositories",
        "ecr:ListImages",
        "ecr:BatchGetImage"
      ],
      "Resource": [
        "*"
      ]
    }
  ]
}

The dualStack.enabled flag specifies whether dual-stack or IPv4-only should be supported by the infrastructure. When the flag is set to true an Amazon provided IPv6 CIDR block will be attached to the VPC. All subnets will receive a /64 block from it and a route entry is added to the main route table to route all IPv6 traffic over the IGW.

The networks.vpc section describes whether you want to create the shoot cluster in an already existing VPC or whether to create a new one:

If networks.vpc.id is given then you have to specify the VPC ID of the existing VPC that was created by other means (manually, other tooling, …). Please make sure that the VPC has attached an internet gateway - the AWS controller won’t create one automatically for existing VPCs. To make sure the nodes are able to join and operate in your cluster properly, please make sure that your VPC has enabled DNS Support, explicitly the attributes enableDnsHostnames and enableDnsSupport must be set to true.
If networks.vpc.cidr is given then you have to specify the VPC CIDR of a new VPC that will be created during shoot creation. You can freely choose a private CIDR range.
Either networks.vpc.id or networks.vpc.cidr must be present, but not both at the same time.
networks.vpc.gatewayEndpoints is optional. If specified then each item is used as service name in a corresponding Gateway VPC Endpoint.

The networks.zones section contains configuration for resources you want to create or use in availability zones. For every zone, the AWS extension creates three subnets:

The internal subnet is used for internal AWS load balancers.
The public subnet is used for public AWS load balancers.
The workers subnet is used for all shoot worker nodes, i.e., VMs which later run your applications.

For every subnet, you have to specify a CIDR range contained in the VPC CIDR specified above, or the VPC CIDR of your already existing VPC. You can freely choose these CIDRs and it is your responsibility to properly design the network layout to suit your needs.

Also, the AWS extension creates a dedicated NAT gateway for each zone. By default, it also creates a corresponding Elastic IP that it attaches to this NAT gateway and which is used for egress traffic. The elasticIPAllocationID field allows you to specify the ID of an existing Elastic IP allocation in case you want to bring your own. If provided, no new Elastic IP will be created and, instead, the Elastic IP specified by you will be used.

⚠️ If you change this field for an already existing infrastructure then it will disrupt egress traffic while AWS applies this change. The reason is that the NAT gateway must be recreated with the new Elastic IP association. Also, please note that the existing Elastic IP will be permanently deleted if it was earlier created by the AWS extension.

You can configure Gateway VPC Endpoints by adding items in the optional list networks.vpc.gatewayEndpoints. Each item in the list is used as a service name and a corresponding endpoint is created for it. All created endpoints point to the service within the cluster’s region. For example, consider this (partial) shoot config:

spec:
  region: eu-central-1
  provider:
    type: aws
    infrastructureConfig:
      apiVersion: aws.provider.extensions.gardener.cloud/v1alpha1
      kind: InfrastructureConfig
      networks:
        vpc:
          gatewayEndpoints:
          - s3

The service name of the S3 Gateway VPC Endpoint in this example is com.amazonaws.eu-central-1.s3.

If you want to use multiple availability zones then add a second, third, … entry to the networks.zones[] list and properly specify the AZ name in networks.zones[].name.

Apart from the VPC and the subnets the AWS extension will also create DHCP options and an internet gateway (only if a new VPC is created), routing tables, security groups, elastic IPs, NAT gateways, EC2 key pairs, IAM roles, and IAM instance profiles.

The ignoreTags section allows to configure which resource tags on AWS resources managed by Gardener should be ignored during infrastructure reconciliation. By default, all tags that are added outside of Gardener’s reconciliation will be removed during the next reconciliation. This field allows users and automation to add custom tags on AWS resources created and managed by Gardener without loosing them on the next reconciliation. Tags can ignored either by specifying exact key values (ignoreTags.keys) or key prefixes (ignoreTags.keyPrefixes). In both cases it is forbidden to ignore the Name tag or any tag starting with kubernetes.io or gardener.cloud.
Please note though, that the tags are only ignored on resources created on behalf of the Infrastructure CR (i.e. VPC, subnets, security groups, keypair, etc.), while tags on machines, volumes, etc. are not in the scope of this controller.

`ControlPlaneConfig`

The control plane configuration mainly contains values for the AWS-specific control plane components. Today, the only component deployed by the AWS extension is the cloud-controller-manager.

An example ControlPlaneConfig for the AWS extension looks as follows:

apiVersion: aws.provider.extensions.gardener.cloud/v1alpha1
kind: ControlPlaneConfig
cloudControllerManager:
  featureGates:
    RotateKubeletServerCertificate: true
  useCustomRouteController: true
#loadBalancerController:
#  enabled: true
#  ingressClassName: alb
storage:
  managedDefaultClass: false

The cloudControllerManager.useCustomRouteController controls if the custom routes controller should be enabled. If enabled, it will add routes to the pod CIDRs for all nodes in the route tables for all zones.

The storage.managedDefaultClass controls if the default storage / volume snapshot classes are marked as default by Gardener. Set it to false to mark another storage / volume snapshot class as default without Gardener overwriting this change. If unset, this field defaults to true.

If the AWS Load Balancer Controller should be deployed, set loadBalancerController.enabled to true. In this case, it is assumed that an IngressClass named alb is created by the user. You can overwrite the name by setting loadBalancerController.ingressClassName.

Please note, that currently only the “instance” mode is supported.

Examples for `Ingress` and `Service` managed by the AWS Load Balancer Controller:

Prerequites

Make sure you have created an IngressClass. For more details about parameters, please see AWS Load Balancer Controller - IngressClass

apiVersion: networking.k8s.io/v1
kind: IngressClass
metadata:
  name: alb # default name if not specified by `loadBalancerController.ingressClassName` 
spec:
  controller: ingress.k8s.aws/alb

Ingress

apiVersion: networking.k8s.io/v1
kind: Ingress
metadata:
  namespace: default
  name: echoserver
  annotations:
    # complete set of annotations: https://kubernetes-sigs.github.io/aws-load-balancer-controller/v2.4/guide/ingress/annotations/
    alb.ingress.kubernetes.io/scheme: internet-facing
    alb.ingress.kubernetes.io/target-type: instance # target-type "ip" NOT supported in Gardener
spec:
  ingressClassName: alb
  rules:
    - http:
        paths:
        - path: /
          pathType: Prefix
          backend:
            service:
              name: echoserver
              port:
                number: 80

For more details see AWS Load Balancer Documentation - Ingress Specification

Service of Type LoadBalancer

This can be used to create a Network Load Balancer (NLB).

apiVersion: v1
kind: Service
metadata:
  annotations:
    # complete set of annotations: https://kubernetes-sigs.github.io/aws-load-balancer-controller/v2.4/guide/service/annotations/
    service.beta.kubernetes.io/aws-load-balancer-nlb-target-type: instance # target-type "ip" NOT supported in Gardener
    service.beta.kubernetes.io/aws-load-balancer-scheme: internet-facing
  name: ingress-nginx-controller
  namespace: ingress-nginx
  ...
spec:
  ...
  type: LoadBalancer
  loadBalancerClass: service.k8s.aws/nlb # mandatory to be managed by AWS Load Balancer Controller (otherwise the Cloud Controller Manager will act on it)

For more details see AWS Load Balancer Documentation - Network Load Balancer

`WorkerConfig`

The AWS extension supports encryption for volumes plus support for additional data volumes per machine. For each data volume, you have to specify a name. By default (if not stated otherwise), all the disks (root & data volumes) are encrypted. Please make sure that your instance-type supports encryption. If your instance-type doesn’t support encryption, you will have to disable encryption (which is enabled by default) by setting volume.encrpyted to false (refer below shown YAML snippet).

The following YAML is a snippet of a Shoot resource:

spec:
  provider:
    workers:
    - name: cpu-worker
      ...
      volume:
        type: gp2
        size: 20Gi
        encrypted: false
      dataVolumes:
      - name: kubelet-dir
        type: gp2
        size: 25Gi
        encrypted: true

Note: The AWS extension does not support EBS volume (root & data volumes) encryption with customer managed CMK. Support for customer managed CMK is out of scope for now. Only AWS managed CMK is supported.

Additionally, it is possible to provide further AWS-specific values for configuring the worker pools. The additional configuration must be specified in the providerConfig field of the respective worker.

spec:
  provider:
    workers:
      - name: cpu-worker
        ...
        providerConfig:
          # AWS worker config

The configuration will be evaluated when the provider-aws will reconcile the worker pools for the respective shoot.

An example WorkerConfig for the AWS extension looks as follows:

spec:
  provider:
    workers:
      - name: cpu-worker
        ...
        providerConfig:
            apiVersion: aws.provider.extensions.gardener.cloud/v1alpha1
            kind: WorkerConfig
            volume:
              iops: 10000
              throughput: 200 
            dataVolumes:
            - name: kubelet-dir
              iops: 12345
              throughput: 150
              snapshotID: snap-1234
            iamInstanceProfile: # (specify either ARN or name)
              name: my-profile
            instanceMetadataOptions:
              httpTokens: required
              httpPutResponseHopLimit: 2
            # arn: my-instance-profile-arn
            nodeTemplate: # (to be specified only if the node capacity would be different from cloudprofile info during runtime)
              capacity:
                cpu: 2
                gpu: 0
                memory: 50Gi

The .volume.iops is the number of I/O operations per second (IOPS) that the volume supports. For io1 and gp3 volume type, this represents the number of IOPS that are provisioned for the volume. For gp2 volume type, this represents the baseline performance of the volume and the rate at which the volume accumulates I/O credits for bursting. For more information about General Purpose SSD baseline performance, I/O credits, IOPS range and bursting, see Amazon EBS Volume Types (http://docs.aws.amazon.com/AWSEC2/latest/UserGuide/EBSVolumeTypes.html) in the Amazon Elastic Compute Cloud User Guide.
Constraint: IOPS should be a positive value. Validation of IOPS (i.e. whether it is allowed and is in the specified range for a particular volume type) is done on aws side.

The volume.throughput is the throughput that the volume supports, in MiB/s. As of 16th Aug 2022, this parameter is valid only for gp3 volume types and will return an error from the provider side if specified for other volume types. Its current range of throughput is from 125MiB/s to 1000 MiB/s. To know more about throughput and its range, see the official AWS documentation here.

The .dataVolumes can optionally contain configurations for the data volumes stated in the Shoot specification in the .spec.provider.workers[].dataVolumes list. The .name must match to the name of the data volume in the shoot. It is also possible to provide a snapshot ID. It allows to restore the data volume from an existing snapshot.

The iamInstanceProfile section allows to specify the IAM instance profile name xor ARN that should be used for this worker pool. If not specified, a dedicated IAM instance profile created by the infrastructure controller is used (see above).

The instanceMetadataOptions controls access to the instance metadata service (IMDS) for members of the worker. You can do the following operations:

access IMDSv1 (default)
access IMDSv2 - httpPutResponseHopLimit >= 2
access IMDSv2 only (restrict access to IMDSv1) - httpPutResponseHopLimit >=2, httpTokens = "required"
disable access to IMDS - httpTokens = "required"

Note: The accessibility of IMDS discussed in the previous point is referenced from the point of view of containers NOT running in the host network. By default on host network IMDSv2 is already enabled (but not accessible from inside the pods). It is currently not possible to create a VM with complete restriction to the IMDS service. It is however possible to restrict access from inside the pods by setting httpTokens to required and not setting httpPutResponseHopLimit (or setting it to 1).

You can find more information regarding the options in the AWS documentation.

Example `Shoot` manifest (one availability zone)

Please find below an example Shoot manifest for one availability zone:

apiVersion: core.gardener.cloud/v1beta1
kind: Shoot
metadata:
  name: johndoe-aws
  namespace: garden-dev
spec:
  cloudProfileName: aws
  region: eu-central-1
  secretBindingName: core-aws
  provider:
    type: aws
    infrastructureConfig:
      apiVersion: aws.provider.extensions.gardener.cloud/v1alpha1
      kind: InfrastructureConfig
      networks:
        vpc:
          cidr: 10.250.0.0/16
        zones:
        - name: eu-central-1a
          internal: 10.250.112.0/22
          public: 10.250.96.0/22
          workers: 10.250.0.0/19
    controlPlaneConfig:
      apiVersion: aws.provider.extensions.gardener.cloud/v1alpha1
      kind: ControlPlaneConfig
    workers:
    - name: worker-xoluy
      machine:
        type: m5.large
      minimum: 2
      maximum: 2
      volume:
        size: 50Gi
        type: gp2
    # The following provider config is valid if the volume type is `io1`.
    # providerConfig:
    #   apiVersion: aws.provider.extensions.gardener.cloud/v1alpha1
    #   kind: WorkerConfig
    #   volume:
    #     iops: 10000
      zones:
      - eu-central-1a
  networking:
    nodes: 10.250.0.0/16
    type: calico
  kubernetes:
    version: 1.28.2
  maintenance:
    autoUpdate:
      kubernetesVersion: true
      machineImageVersion: true
  addons:
    kubernetesDashboard:
      enabled: true
    nginxIngress:
      enabled: true

Example `Shoot` manifest (three availability zones)

Please find below an example Shoot manifest for three availability zones:

apiVersion: core.gardener.cloud/v1beta1
kind: Shoot
metadata:
  name: johndoe-aws
  namespace: garden-dev
spec:
  cloudProfileName: aws
  region: eu-central-1
  secretBindingName: core-aws
  provider:
    type: aws
    infrastructureConfig:
      apiVersion: aws.provider.extensions.gardener.cloud/v1alpha1
      kind: InfrastructureConfig
      networks:
        vpc:
          cidr: 10.250.0.0/16
        zones:
        - name: eu-central-1a
          workers: 10.250.0.0/26
          public: 10.250.96.0/26
          internal: 10.250.112.0/26
        - name: eu-central-1b
          workers: 10.250.0.64/26
          public: 10.250.96.64/26
          internal: 10.250.112.64/26
        - name: eu-central-1c
          workers: 10.250.0.128/26
          public: 10.250.96.128/26
          internal: 10.250.112.128/26
    controlPlaneConfig:
      apiVersion: aws.provider.extensions.gardener.cloud/v1alpha1
      kind: ControlPlaneConfig
    workers:
    - name: worker-xoluy
      machine:
        type: m5.large
      minimum: 3
      maximum: 9
      volume:
        size: 50Gi
        type: gp2
      zones:
      - eu-central-1a
      - eu-central-1b
      - eu-central-1c
  networking:
    nodes: 10.250.0.0/16
    type: calico
  kubernetes:
    version: 1.28.2
  maintenance:
    autoUpdate:
      kubernetesVersion: true
      machineImageVersion: true
  addons:
    kubernetesDashboard:
      enabled: true
    nginxIngress:
      enabled: true

CSI volume provisioners

Every AWS shoot cluster will be deployed with the AWS EBS CSI driver. It is compatible with the legacy in-tree volume provisioner that was deprecated by the Kubernetes community and will be removed in future versions of Kubernetes. End-users might want to update their custom StorageClasses to the new ebs.csi.aws.com provisioner.

Node-specific Volume Limits

The Kubernetes scheduler allows configurable limit for the number of volumes that can be attached to a node. See https://k8s.io/docs/concepts/storage/storage-limits/#custom-limits.

CSI drivers usually have a different procedure for configuring this custom limit. By default, the EBS CSI driver parses the machine type name and then decides the volume limit. However, this is only a rough approximation and not good enough in most cases. Specifying the volume attach limit via command line flag (--volume-attach-limit) is currently the alternative until a more sophisticated solution presents itself (dynamically discovering the maximum number of attachable volume per EC2 machine type, see also https://github.com/kubernetes-sigs/aws-ebs-csi-driver/issues/347). The AWS extension allows the --volume-attach-limit flag of the EBS CSI driver to be configurable via aws.provider.extensions.gardener.cloud/volume-attach-limit annotation on the Shoot resource. If the annotation is added to an existing Shoot, then reconciliation needs to be triggered manually (see Immediate reconciliation), as in general adding annotation to resource is not a change that leads to .metadata.generation increase in general.

Kubernetes Versions per Worker Pool

Shoot CA Certificate and `ServiceAccount` Signing Key Rotation

This extension supports gardener/gardener’s ShootCARotation and ShootSARotation feature gates since gardener-extension-provider-aws@v1.36.

Flow Infrastructure Reconciler

The extension offers two different reconciler implementations for the infrastructure resource:

terraform-based
native Go SDK based (dubbed the “flow”-based implementation)

The default implementation currently is the terraform reconciler which uses the https://github.com/gardener/terraformer as the backend for managing the shoot’s infrastructure.

The “flow” implementation is a newer implementation that is trying to solve issues we faced with managing terraform infrastructure on Kubernetes. The goal is to have more control over the reconciliation process and be able to perform fine-grained tuning over it. The implementation is completely backwards-compatible and offers a migration route from the legacy terraformer implementation.

For most users there will be no noticable difference. However for certain use-cases, users may notice a slight deviation from the previous behavior. For example, with flow-based infrastructure users may be able to perform certain modifications to infrastructure resources without having them reconciled back by terraform. Operations that would degrade the shoot infrastructure are still expected to be reverted back.

For the time-being, to take advantage of the flow reconcilier users have to “opt-in” by annotating the shoot manifest with: aws.provider.extensions.gardener.cloud/use-flow="true". For existing shoots with this annotation, the migration will take place on the next infrastructure reconciliation (on maintenance window or if other infrastructure changes are requested). The migration is not revertible.

1.3 - Provider Azure

Gardener extension controller for the Azure cloud provider

Gardener Extension for Azure provider

Project Gardener implements the automated management and operation of Kubernetes clusters as a service. Its main principle is to leverage Kubernetes concepts for all of its tasks.

This controller implements Gardener’s extension contract for the Azure provider.

An example for a ControllerRegistration resource that can be used to register this controller to Gardener can be found here.

Please find more information regarding the extensibility concepts and a detailed proposal here.

Supported Kubernetes versions

This extension controller supports the following Kubernetes versions:

Version	Support	Conformance test results
Kubernetes 1.29	1.29.0+
Kubernetes 1.28	1.28.0+
Kubernetes 1.27	1.27.0+
Kubernetes 1.26	1.26.0+
Kubernetes 1.25	1.25.0+

Please take a look here to see which versions are supported by Gardener in general.

How to start using or developing this extension controller locally

You can run the controller locally on your machine by executing make start.

Static code checks and tests can be executed by running make verify. We are using Go modules for Golang package dependency management and Ginkgo/Gomega for testing.

Feedback and Support

Feedback and contributions are always welcome. Please report bugs or suggestions as GitHub issues or join our Slack channel #gardener (please invite yourself to the Kubernetes workspace here).

Learn more!

Please find further resources about out project here:

1.3.1 - Tutorials

1.3.1.1 - Create a Kubernetes Cluster on Azure with Gardener

Overview

Gardener allows you to create a Kubernetes cluster on different infrastructure providers. This tutorial will guide you through the process of creating a cluster on Azure.

Prerequisites

You have created an Azure account.
You have access to the Gardener dashboard and have permissions to create projects.
You have an Azure Service Principal assigned to your subscription.

Steps

Go to the Gardener dashboard and create a Project.
Get the properties of your Azure AD tenant, Subscription and Service Principal.
Before you can provision and access a Kubernetes cluster on Azure, you need to add the Azure service principal, AD tenant and subscription credentials in Gardener. Gardener needs the credentials to provision and operate the Azure infrastructure for your Kubernetes cluster.
Ensure that the Azure service principal has the actions defined within the Azure Permissions within your Subscription assigned. If no fine-grained permission/actions are required, then simply the built-in Contributor role can be assigned.
- Tenant ID
  To find your TenantID, follow this guide.
- SubscriptionID
  To find your SubscriptionID, search for and select Subscriptions.
  After that, copy the SubscriptionID from your subscription of choice.
- Service Principal (SPN)
  A service principal consist of a ClientID (also called ApplicationID) and a Client Secret. For more information, see Application and service principal objects in Azure Active Directory. You need to obtain the:
  - Client ID
    Access the Azure Portal and navigate to the Active Directory service. Within the service navigate to App registrations and select your service principal. Copy the ClientID you see there.
  - Client Secret
    Secrets for the Azure Account/Service Principal can be generated/rotated via the Azure Portal. After copying your ClientID, in the Detail view of your Service Principal navigate to Certificates & secrets. In the section, you can generate a new secret.
Choose Secrets, then the plus icon and select Azure.
Create your secret.
1. Type the name of your secret.
2. Copy and paste the TenantID, SubscriptionID and the Service Principal credentials (ClientID and ClientSecret).
3. Choose Add secret.
After completing these steps, you should see your newly created secret in the Infrastructure Secrets section.
Register resource providers for your subscription.
1. Go to your Azure dashboard
2. Navigate to Subscriptions -> <your_subscription>
3. Pick resource providers from the sidebar
4. Register microsoft.Network
5. Register microsoft.Compute
To create a new cluster, choose Clusters and then the plus sign in the upper right corner.
In the Create Cluster section:
1. Select Azure in the Infrastructure tab.
2. Type the name of your cluster in the Cluster Details tab.
3. Choose the secret you created before in the Infrastructure Details tab.
4. Choose Create.
Wait for your cluster to get created.

Result

After completing the steps in this tutorial, you will be able to see and download the kubeconfig of your cluster.

1.3.2 - Azure Permissions

Azure Permissions

The following document describes the required Azure actions manage a Shoot cluster on Azure split by the different Azure provider/services.

Be aware some actions are just required if particilar deployment sceanrios or features e.g. bring your own vNet, use Azure-file, let the Shoot act as Seed etc. should be used.

`Microsoft.Compute`

# Required if a non zonal cluster based on Availability Set should be used.
Microsoft.Compute/availabilitySets/delete
Microsoft.Compute/availabilitySets/read
Microsoft.Compute/availabilitySets/write

# Required to let Kubernetes manage Azure disks.
Microsoft.Compute/disks/delete
Microsoft.Compute/disks/read
Microsoft.Compute/disks/write

# Required for to fetch meta information about disk and virtual machines sizes.
Microsoft.Compute/locations/diskOperations/read
Microsoft.Compute/locations/operations/read
Microsoft.Compute/locations/vmSizes/read

# Required if csi snapshot capabilities should be used and/or the Shoot should act as a Seed.
Microsoft.Compute/snapshots/delete
Microsoft.Compute/snapshots/read
Microsoft.Compute/snapshots/write

# Required to let Gardener/Machine-Controller-Manager manage the cluster nodes/machines.
Microsoft.Compute/virtualMachines/delete
Microsoft.Compute/virtualMachines/read
Microsoft.Compute/virtualMachines/start/action
Microsoft.Compute/virtualMachines/write

# Required if a non zonal cluster based on VMSS Flex (VMO) should be used.
Microsoft.Compute/virtualMachineScaleSets/delete
Microsoft.Compute/virtualMachineScaleSets/read
Microsoft.Compute/virtualMachineScaleSets/write

`Microsoft.ManagedIdentity`

# Required if a user provided Azure managed identity should attached to the cluster nodes.
Microsoft.ManagedIdentity/userAssignedIdentities/assign/action
Microsoft.ManagedIdentity/userAssignedIdentities/read

`Microsoft.MarketplaceOrdering`

# Required if nodes/machines should be created with images hosted on the Azure Marketplace.
Microsoft.MarketplaceOrdering/offertypes/publishers/offers/plans/agreements/read
Microsoft.MarketplaceOrdering/offertypes/publishers/offers/plans/agreements/write

`Microsoft.Network`

# Required to let Kubernetes manage services of type 'LoadBalancer'.
Microsoft.Network/loadBalancers/backendAddressPools/join/action
Microsoft.Network/loadBalancers/delete
Microsoft.Network/loadBalancers/read
Microsoft.Network/loadBalancers/write

# Required in case the Shoot should use NatGateway(s).
Microsoft.Network/natGateways/delete
Microsoft.Network/natGateways/join/action
Microsoft.Network/natGateways/read
Microsoft.Network/natGateways/write

# Required to let Gardener/Machine-Controller-Manager manage the cluster nodes/machines.
Microsoft.Network/networkInterfaces/delete
Microsoft.Network/networkInterfaces/ipconfigurations/join/action
Microsoft.Network/networkInterfaces/ipconfigurations/read
Microsoft.Network/networkInterfaces/join/action
Microsoft.Network/networkInterfaces/read
Microsoft.Network/networkInterfaces/write

# Required to let Gardener maintain the basic infrastructure of the Shoot cluster and maintaing LoadBalancer services.
Microsoft.Network/networkSecurityGroups/delete
Microsoft.Network/networkSecurityGroups/join/action
Microsoft.Network/networkSecurityGroups/read
Microsoft.Network/networkSecurityGroups/write

# Required for managing LoadBalancers and NatGateways.
Microsoft.Network/publicIPAddresses/delete
Microsoft.Network/publicIPAddresses/join/action
Microsoft.Network/publicIPAddresses/read
Microsoft.Network/publicIPAddresses/write

# Required for managing the basic infrastructure of a cluster and maintaing LoadBalancer services.
Microsoft.Network/routeTables/delete
Microsoft.Network/routeTables/join/action
Microsoft.Network/routeTables/read
Microsoft.Network/routeTables/routes/delete
Microsoft.Network/routeTables/routes/read
Microsoft.Network/routeTables/routes/write
Microsoft.Network/routeTables/write

# Required to let Gardener maintain the basic infrastructure of the Shoot cluster.
# Only a subset is required for the bring your own vNet scenario.
Microsoft.Network/virtualNetworks/delete # not required for bring your own vnet
Microsoft.Network/virtualNetworks/read
Microsoft.Network/virtualNetworks/subnets/delete
Microsoft.Network/virtualNetworks/subnets/join/action
Microsoft.Network/virtualNetworks/subnets/read
Microsoft.Network/virtualNetworks/subnets/write
Microsoft.Network/virtualNetworks/write # not required for bring your own vnet

`Microsoft.Resources`

# Required to let Gardener maintain the basic infrastructure of the Shoot cluster.
Microsoft.Resources/subscriptions/resourceGroups/delete
Microsoft.Resources/subscriptions/resourceGroups/read
Microsoft.Resources/subscriptions/resourceGroups/write

`Microsoft.Storage`

# Required if Azure File should be used and/or if the Shoot should act as Seed.
Microsoft.Storage/operations/read
Microsoft.Storage/storageAccounts/blobServices/containers/delete
Microsoft.Storage/storageAccounts/blobServices/containers/read
Microsoft.Storage/storageAccounts/blobServices/containers/write
Microsoft.Storage/storageAccounts/blobServices/read
Microsoft.Storage/storageAccounts/delete
Microsoft.Storage/storageAccounts/listkeys/action
Microsoft.Storage/storageAccounts/read
Microsoft.Storage/storageAccounts/write

1.3.3 - Deployment

Deployment of the Azure provider extension

Disclaimer: This document is NOT a step by step installation guide for the Azure provider extension and only contains some configuration specifics regarding the installation of different components via the helm charts residing in the Azure provider extension repository.

gardener-extension-admission-azure

Authentication against the Garden cluster

There are several authentication possibilities depending on whether or not the concept of Virtual Garden is used.

Virtual Garden is not used, i.e., the `runtime` Garden cluster is also the `target` Garden cluster.

Automounted Service Account Token The easiest way to deploy the gardener-extension-admission-azure component will be to not provide kubeconfig at all. This way in-cluster configuration and an automounted service account token will be used. The drawback of this approach is that the automounted token will not be automatically rotated.

Service Account Token Volume Projection Another solution will be to use Service Account Token Volume Projection combined with a kubeconfig referencing a token file (see example below).

apiVersion: v1
kind: Config
clusters:
- cluster:
    certificate-authority-data: <CA-DATA>
    server: https://default.kubernetes.svc.cluster.local
  name: garden
contexts:
- context:
    cluster: garden
    user: garden
  name: garden
current-context: garden
users:
- name: garden
  user:
    tokenFile: /var/run/secrets/projected/serviceaccount/token

Virtual Garden is used, i.e., the `runtime` Garden cluster is different from the `target` Garden cluster.

Deploy the application part of the charts in the target cluster.
Get the service account token and craft the kubeconfig.
Set the crafted kubeconfig and deploy the runtime part of the charts in the runtime cluster.

Generate a client certificate for the target cluster for the respective user.
Deploy the application part of the charts in the target cluster.
Craft a kubeconfig using the already generated client certificate.
Set the crafted kubeconfig and deploy the runtime part of the charts in the runtime cluster.

Deploy OWA and establish the needed trust.
Set .Values.global.virtualGarden.enabled: true and .Values.global.virtualGarden.user.name. Note: username value will depend on the trust configuration, e.g., <prefix>:system:serviceaccount:<namespace>:<serviceaccount>
Set .Values.global.serviceAccountTokenVolumeProjection.enabled: true and .Values.global.serviceAccountTokenVolumeProjection.audience. Note: audience value will depend on the trust configuration, e.g., <cliend-id-from-trust-config>.
Craft a kubeconfig (see example below).
Deploy the application part of the charts in the target cluster.
Deploy the runtime part of the charts in the runtime cluster.

apiVersion: v1
kind: Config
clusters:
- cluster:
    certificate-authority-data: <CA-DATA>
    server: https://virtual-garden.api
  name: virtual-garden
contexts:
- context:
    cluster: virtual-garden
    user: virtual-garden
  name: virtual-garden
current-context: virtual-garden
users:
- name: virtual-garden
  user:
    tokenFile: /var/run/secrets/projected/serviceaccount/token

1.3.4 - Local Setup

admission-azure

admission-azure is an admission webhook server which is responsible for the validation of the cloud provider (Azure in this case) specific fields and resources. The Gardener API server is cloud provider agnostic and it wouldn’t be able to perform similar validation.

Follow the steps below to run the admission webhook server locally.

Start the Gardener API server.
For details, check the Gardener local setup.
Start the webhook server
Make sure that the KUBECONFIG environment variable is pointing to the local garden cluster.
```
make start-admission
```
Setup the ValidatingWebhookConfiguration.
hack/dev-setup-admission-azure.sh will configure the webhook Service which will allow the kube-apiserver of your local cluster to reach the webhook server. It will also apply the ValidatingWebhookConfiguration manifest.
```
./hack/dev-setup-admission-azure.sh
```

You are now ready to experiment with the admission-azure webhook server locally.

1.3.5 - Migrate Loadbalancer

Migrate Azure Shoot Load Balancer from basic to standard SKU

This guide descibes how to migrate the Load Balancer of an Azure Shoot cluster from the basic SKU to the standard SKU.
Be aware: You need to delete and recreate all services of type Load Balancer, which means that the public ip addresses of your service endpoints will change.
Please do this only if the Stakeholder really needs to migrate this Shoot to use standard Load Balancers. All new Shoot clusters will automatically use Azure Standard Load Balancers.

Disable temporarily Gardeners reconciliation.
The Gardener Controller Manager need to be configured to allow ignoring Shoot clusters. This can be configured in its the ControllerManagerConfiguration via the field .controllers.shoot.respectSyncPeriodOverwrite="true".

# In the Garden cluster.
kubectl annotate shoot <shoot-name> shoot.garden.sapcloud.io/ignore="true"

# In the Seed cluster.
kubectl -n <shoot-namespace> scale deployment gardener-resource-manager --replicas=0

Backup all Kubernetes services of type Load Balancer.

# In the Shoot cluster.
# Determine all Load Balancer services.
kubectl get service --all-namespaces | grep LoadBalancer

# Backup each Load Balancer service.
echo "---" >> service-backup.yaml && kubectl -n <namespace> get service <service-name> -o yaml >> service-backup.yaml

Delete all Load Balancer services.

# In the Shoot cluster.
kubectl -n <namespace> delete service <service-name>

Wait until until Load Balancer is deleted. Wait until all services of type Load Balancer are deleted and the Azure Load Balancer resource is also deleted. Check via the Azure Portal if the Load Balancer within the Shoot Resource Group has been deleted. This should happen automatically after all Kubernetes Load Balancer service are gone within a few minutes.

Alternatively the Azure cli can be used to check the Load Balancer in the Shoot Resource Group. The credentials to configure the cli are available on the Seed cluster in the Shoot namespace.

# In the Seed cluster.
# Fetch the credentials from cloudprovider secret.
kubectl -n <shoot-namespace> get secret cloudprovider -o yaml

# Configure the Azure cli, with the base64 decoded values of the cloudprovider secret.
az login --service-principal --username <clientID> --password <clientSecret> --tenant <tenantID>
az account set -s <subscriptionID>

# Fetch the constantly the Shoot Load Balancer in the Shoot Resource Group. Wait until the resource is gone.
watch 'az network lb show -g shoot--<project-name>--<shoot-name> -n shoot--<project-name>--<shoot-name>'

# Logout.
az logout

Modify the cloud-povider-config configmap in the Seed namespace of the Shoot.
The key cloudprovider.conf contains the Kubernetes cloud-provider configuration. The value is a multiline string. Please change the value of the field loadBalancerSku from basic to standard. Iff the field does not exists then append loadBalancerSku: \"standard\"\n to the value/string.

# In the Seed cluster.
kubectl -n <shoot-namespace> edit cm cloud-provider-config

Enable Gardeners reconcilation and trigger a reconciliation.

# In the Garden cluster
# Enable reconcilation
kubectl annotate shoot <shoot-name> shoot.garden.sapcloud.io/ignore-

# Trigger reconcilation
kubectl annotate shoot <shoot-name> shoot.garden.sapcloud.io/operation="reconcile"

Wait until the cluster has been reconciled.

Recreate the services from the backup file.
Probably you need to remove some fields from the service defintions e.g. .spec.clusterIP, .metadata.uid or .status etc.

kubectl apply -f service-backup.yaml

If successful remove backup file.

# Delete the backup file.
rm -f service-backup.yaml

1.3.6 - Operations

Using the Azure provider extension with Gardener as an operator

This document explains the necessary configuration for the Azure provider extension.

`CloudProfile` resource

This section describes, how the configuration for CloudProfiles looks like for Azure by providing an example CloudProfile manifest with minimal configuration that can be used to allow the creation of Azure shoot clusters.

`CloudProfileConfig`

The cloud profile configuration contains information about the real machine image IDs in the Azure environment (image urn, id, communityGalleryImageID or sharedGalleryImageID). You have to map every version that you specify in .spec.machineImages[].versions to an available VM image in your subscription. The VM image can be either from the Azure Marketplace and will then get identified via a urn, it can be a custom VM image from a shared image gallery and is then identified sharedGalleryImageID, or it can be from a community image gallery and is then identified by its communityGalleryImageID. You can use id field also to specifiy the image location in the azure compute gallery (in which case it would have a different kind of path) but it is not recommended as it sometimes faces problems in cross subscription image sharing. For each machine image version an architecture field can be specified which specifies the CPU architecture of the machine on which given machine image can be used.

An example CloudProfileConfig for the Azure extension looks as follows:

apiVersion: azure.provider.extensions.gardener.cloud/v1alpha1
kind: CloudProfileConfig
countUpdateDomains:
- region: westeurope
  count: 5
countFaultDomains:
- region: westeurope
  count: 3
machineTypes:
- name: Standard_D3_v2
  acceleratedNetworking: true
- name: Standard_X
machineImages:
- name: coreos
  versions:
  - version: 2135.6.0
    urn: "CoreOS:CoreOS:Stable:2135.6.0"
    # architecture: amd64 # optional
    acceleratedNetworking: true
- name: myimage
  versions:
  - version: 1.0.0
    id: "/subscriptions/<subscription ID where the gallery is located>/resourceGroups/myGalleryRG/providers/Microsoft.Compute/galleries/myGallery/images/myImageDefinition/versions/1.0.0"
- name: GardenLinuxCommunityImage
  versions:
  - version: 1.0.0
    communityGalleryImageID: "/CommunityGalleries/gardenlinux-567905d8-921f-4a85-b423-1fbf4e249d90/Images/gardenlinux/Versions/576.1.1"
- name: SharedGalleryImageName
  versions:
    - version: 1.0.0
      sharedGalleryImageID: "/SharedGalleries/sharedGalleryName/Images/sharedGalleryImageName/Versions/sharedGalleryImageVersionName"

The cloud profile configuration contains information about the update via .countUpdateDomains[] and failure domain via .countFaultDomains[] counts in the Azure regions you want to offer.

The .machineTypes[] list contain provider specific information to the machine types e.g. if the machine type support Azure Accelerated Networking, see .machineTypes[].acceleratedNetworking.

Additionally, it contains the real machine image identifiers in the Azure environment. You can provide either URN for Azure Market Place images or id of Shared Image Gallery images. When Shared Image Gallery is used, you have to ensure that the image is available in the desired regions and the end-user subscriptions have access to the image or to the whole gallery. You have to map every version that you specify in .spec.machineImages[].versions here such that the Azure extension knows the machine image identifiers for every version you want to offer. Furthermore, you can specify for each image version via .machineImages[].versions[].acceleratedNetworking if Azure Accelerated Networking is supported.

Example `CloudProfile` manifest

The possible values for .spec.volumeTypes[].name on Azure are Standard_LRS, StandardSSD_LRS and Premium_LRS. There is another volume type called UltraSSD_LRS but this type is not supported to use as os disk. If an end user select a volume type whose name is not equal to one of the valid values then the machine will be created with the default volume type which belong to the selected machine type. Therefore it is recommended to configure only the valid values for the .spec.volumeType[].name in the CloudProfile.

Please find below an example CloudProfile manifest:

apiVersion: core.gardener.cloud/v1beta1
kind: CloudProfile
metadata:
  name: azure
spec:
  type: azure
  kubernetes:
    versions:
    - version: 1.28.2
    - version: 1.23.8
      expirationDate: "2022-10-31T23:59:59Z"
  machineImages:
  - name: coreos
    versions:
    - version: 2135.6.0
  machineTypes:
  - name: Standard_D3_v2
    cpu: "4"
    gpu: "0"
    memory: 14Gi
  - name: Standard_D4_v3
    cpu: "4"
    gpu: "0"
    memory: 16Gi
  volumeTypes:
  - name: Standard_LRS
    class: standard
    usable: true
  - name: StandardSSD_LRS
    class: premium
    usable: false
  - name: Premium_LRS
    class: premium
    usable: false
  regions:
  - name: westeurope
  providerConfig:
    apiVersion: azure.provider.extensions.gardener.cloud/v1alpha1
    kind: CloudProfileConfig
    machineTypes:
    - name: Standard_D3_v2
      acceleratedNetworking: true
    - name: Standard_D4_v3
    countUpdateDomains:
    - region: westeurope
      count: 5
    countFaultDomains:
    - region: westeurope
      count: 3
    machineImages:
    - name: coreos
      versions:
      - version: 2303.3.0
        urn: CoreOS:CoreOS:Stable:2303.3.0
        # architecture: amd64 # optional
        acceleratedNetworking: true
      - version: 2135.6.0
        urn: "CoreOS:CoreOS:Stable:2135.6.0"
        # architecture: amd64 # optional

`Seed` resource

This provider extension does not support any provider configuration for the Seed’s .spec.provider.providerConfig field. However, it supports managing of backup infrastructure, i.e., you can specify a configuration for the .spec.backup field.

Backup configuration

A Seed of type azure can be configured to perform backups for the main etcds’ of the shoot clusters control planes using Azure Blob storage.

The location/region where the backups will be stored defaults to the region of the Seed (spec.provider.region), but can also be explicitly configured via the field spec.backup.region. The region of the backup can be different from where the Seed cluster is running. However, usually it makes sense to pick the same region for the backup bucket as used for the Seed cluster.

Please find below an example Seed manifest (partly) that configures backups using Azure Blob storage.

---
apiVersion: core.gardener.cloud/v1beta1
kind: Seed
metadata:
  name: my-seed
spec:
  provider:
    type: azure
    region: westeurope
  backup:
    provider: azure
    region: westeurope # default region
    secretRef:
      name: backup-credentials
      namespace: garden
  ...

The referenced secret has to contain the provider credentials of the Azure subscription. Please take a look here on how to create an Azure Application, Service Principle and how to obtain credentials. The example below demonstrates how the secret has to look like.

apiVersion: v1
kind: Secret
metadata:
  name: core-azure
  namespace: garden-dev
type: Opaque
data:
  clientID: base64(client-id)
  clientSecret: base64(client-secret)
  subscriptionID: base64(subscription-id)
  tenantID: base64(tenant-id)

Permissions for Azure Blob storage

Please make sure the Azure application has the following IAM roles.

Contributor

Miscellaneous

Gardener managed Service Principals

The operators of the Gardener Azure extension can provide a list of managed service principals (technical users) that can be used for Azure Shoots. This eliminates the need for users to provide own service principals for their clusters.

The user would need to grant the managed service principal access to their subscription with proper permissions.

As service principals are managed in an Azure Active Directory for each supported Active Directory, an own service principal needs to be provided.

In case the user provides an own service principal in the Shoot secret, this one will be used instead of the managed one provided by the operator.

Each managed service principal will be maintained in a Secret like that:

apiVersion: v1
kind: Secret
metadata:
  name: service-principal-my-tenant
  namespace: extension-provider-azure
  labels:
    azure.provider.extensions.gardener.cloud/purpose: tenant-service-principal-secret
data:
  tenantID: base64(my-tenant)
  clientID: base64(my-service-princiapl-id)
  clientSecret: base64(my-service-princiapl-secret)
type: Opaque

The user needs to provide in its Shoot secret a tenantID and subscriptionID.

The managed service principal will be assigned based on the tenantID. In case there is a managed service principal secret with a matching tenantID, this one will be used for the Shoot. If there is no matching managed service principal secret then the next Shoot operation will fail.

One of the benefits of having managed service principals is that the operator controls the lifecycle of the service principal and can rotate its secrets.

After the service principal secret has been rotated and the corresponding secret is updated, all Shoot clusters using it need to be reconciled or the last operation to be retried.

1.3.7 - Usage

Using the Azure provider extension with Gardener as end-user

The core.gardener.cloud/v1beta1.Shoot resource declares a few fields that are meant to contain provider-specific configuration.

This document describes the configurable options for Azure and provides an example Shoot manifest with minimal configuration that can be used to create an Azure cluster (modulo the landscape-specific information like cloud profile names, secret binding names, etc.).

Azure Provider Credentials

In order for Gardener to create a Kubernetes cluster using Azure infrastructure components, a Shoot has to provide credentials with sufficient permissions to the desired Azure subscription. Every shoot cluster references a SecretBinding which itself references a Secret, and this Secret contains the provider credentials of the Azure subscription. The SecretBinding is configurable in the Shoot cluster with the field secretBindingName.

Create an Azure Application and Service Principle and obtain its credentials.

Please ensure that the Azure application (spn) has the IAM actions defined here assigned. If no fine-grained permissions/actions required then simply assign the Contributor role.

The example below demonstrates how the secret containing the client credentials of the Azure Application has to look like:

apiVersion: v1
kind: Secret
metadata:
  name: core-azure
  namespace: garden-dev
type: Opaque
data:
  clientID: base64(client-id)
  clientSecret: base64(client-secret)
  subscriptionID: base64(subscription-id)
  tenantID: base64(tenant-id)

⚠️ Depending on your API usage it can be problematic to reuse the same Service Principal for different Shoot clusters due to rate limits. Please consider spreading your Shoots over Service Principals from different Azure subscriptions if you are hitting those limits.

Managed Service Principals

The operators of the Gardener Azure extension can provide managed service principals. This eliminates the need for users to provide an own service principal for a Shoot.

To make use of a managed service principal, the Azure secret of a Shoot cluster must contain only a subscriptionID and a tenantID field, but no clientID and clientSecret. Removing those fields from the secret of an existing Shoot will also let it adopt the managed service principal.

Based on the tenantID field, the Gardener extension will try to assign the managed service principal to the Shoot. If no managed service principal can be assigned then the next operation on the Shoot will fail.

⚠️ The managed service principal need to be assigned to the users Azure subscription with proper permissions before using it.

`InfrastructureConfig`

An example InfrastructureConfig for the Azure extension looks as follows:

apiVersion: azure.provider.extensions.gardener.cloud/v1alpha1
kind: InfrastructureConfig
networks:
  vnet: # specify either 'name' and 'resourceGroup' or 'cidr'
    # name: my-vnet
    # resourceGroup: my-vnet-resource-group
    cidr: 10.250.0.0/16
    # ddosProtectionPlanID: /subscriptions/test/resourceGroups/test/providers/Microsoft.Network/ddosProtectionPlans/test-ddos-protection-plan
  workers: 10.250.0.0/19
  # natGateway:
  #   enabled: false
  #   idleConnectionTimeoutMinutes: 4
  #   zone: 1
  #   ipAddresses:
  #   - name: my-public-ip-name
  #     resourceGroup: my-public-ip-resource-group
  #     zone: 1
  # serviceEndpoints:
  # - Microsoft.Test
  # zones:
  # - name: 1
  #   cidr: "10.250.0.0/24
  # - name: 2
  #   cidr: "10.250.0.0/24"
  #   natGateway:
  #     enabled: false
zoned: false
# resourceGroup:
#   name: mygroup
#identity:
#  name: my-identity-name
#  resourceGroup: my-identity-resource-group
#  acrAccess: true

Currently, it’s not yet possible to deploy into existing resource groups, but in the future it will. The .resourceGroup.name field will allow specifying the name of an already existing resource group that the shoot cluster and all infrastructure resources will be deployed to.

Via the .zoned boolean you can tell whether you want to use Azure availability zones or not. If you don’t use zones then an availability set will be created and only basic load balancers will be used. Zoned clusters use standard load balancers.

The networks.vnet section describes whether you want to create the shoot cluster in an already existing VNet or whether to create a new one:

If networks.vnet.name and networks.vnet.resourceGroup are given then you have to specify the VNet name and VNet resource group name of the existing VNet that was created by other means (manually, other tooling, …).
If networks.vnet.cidr is given then you have to specify the VNet CIDR of a new VNet that will be created during shoot creation. You can freely choose a private CIDR range.
Either networks.vnet.name and neworks.vnet.resourceGroup or networks.vnet.cidr must be present, but not both at the same time.
The networks.vnet.ddosProtectionPlanID field can be used to specify the id of a ddos protection plan which should be assigned to the VNet. This will only work for a VNet managed by Gardener. For externally managed VNets the ddos protection plan must be assigned by other means.
If a vnet name is given and cilium shoot clusters are created without a network overlay within one vnet make sure that the pod CIDR specified in shoot.spec.networking.pods is not overlapping with any other pod CIDR used in that vnet. Overlapping pod CIDRs will lead to disfunctional shoot clusters.

The networks.workers section describes the CIDR for a subnet that is used for all shoot worker nodes, i.e., VMs which later run your applications. The specified CIDR range must be contained in the VNet CIDR specified above, or the VNet CIDR of your already existing VNet. You can freely choose this CIDR and it is your responsibility to properly design the network layout to suit your needs.

In the networks.serviceEndpoints[] list you can specify the list of Azure service endpoints which shall be associated with the worker subnet. All available service endpoints and their technical names can be found in the (Azure Service Endpoint documentation](https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/azure/virtual-network/virtual-network-service-endpoints-overview).

The networks.natGateway section contains configuration for the Azure NatGateway which can be attached to the worker subnet of a Shoot cluster. Here are some key information about the usage of the NatGateway for a Shoot cluster:

NatGateway usage is optional and can be enabled or disabled via .networks.natGateway.enabled.
If the NatGateway is not used then the egress connections initiated within the Shoot cluster will be nated via the LoadBalancer of the clusters (default Azure behaviour, see here).
NatGateway is only available for zonal clusters .zoned=true.
The NatGateway is currently not zone redundantly deployed. That mean the NatGateway of a Shoot cluster will always be in just one zone. This zone can be optionally selected via .networks.natGateway.zone.
Caution: Modifying the .networks.natGateway.zone setting requires a recreation of the NatGateway and the managed public ip (automatically used if no own public ip is specified, see below). That mean you will most likely get a different public ip for egress connections.
It is possible to bring own zonal public ip(s) via networks.natGateway.ipAddresses. Those public ip(s) need to be in the same zone as the NatGateway (see networks.natGateway.zone) and be of SKU standard. For each public ip the name, the resourceGroup and the zone need to be specified.
The field networks.natGateway.idleConnectionTimeoutMinutes allows the configuration of NAT Gateway’s idle connection timeout property. The idle timeout value can be adjusted from 4 minutes, up to 120 minutes. Omitting this property will set the idle timeout to its default value according to NAT Gateway’s documentation.

In the identity section you can specify an Azure user-assigned managed identity which should be attached to all cluster worker machines. With identity.name you can specify the name of the identity and with identity.resourceGroup you can specify the resource group which contains the identity resource on Azure. The identity need to be created by the user upfront (manually, other tooling, …). Gardener/Azure Extension will only use the referenced one and won’t create an identity. Furthermore the identity have to be in the same subscription as the Shoot cluster. Via the identity.acrAccess you can configure the worker machines to use the passed identity for pulling from an Azure Container Registry (ACR). Caution: Adding, exchanging or removing the identity will require a rolling update of all worker machines in the Shoot cluster.

Apart from the VNet and the worker subnet the Azure extension will also create a dedicated resource group, route tables, security groups, and an availability set (if not using zoned clusters).

InfrastructureConfig with dedicated subnets per zone

Another deployment option for zonal clusters only, is to create and configure a separate subnet per availability zone. This network layout is recommended to users that require fine-grained control over their network setup. One prevalent usecase is to create a zone-redundant NAT Gateway deployment by taking advantage of the ability to deploy separate NAT Gateways for each subnet.

To use this configuration the following requirements must be met:

the zoned field must be set to true.
the networks.vnet section must not be empty and must contain a valid configuration. For existing clusters that were not using the networks.vnet section, it is enough if networks.vnet.cidr field is set to the current networks.worker value.

For each of the target zones a subnet CIDR range must be specified. The specified CIDR range must be contained in the VNet CIDR specified above, or the VNet CIDR of your already existing VNet. In addition, the CIDR ranges must not overlap with the ranges of the other subnets.

ServiceEndpoints and NatGateways can be configured per subnet. Respectively, when networks.zones is specified, the fields networks.workers, networks.serviceEndpoints and networks.natGateway cannot be set. All the configuration for the subnets must be done inside the respective zone’s configuration.

Example:

apiVersion: azure.provider.extensions.gardener.cloud/v1alpha1
kind: InfrastructureConfig
networks:
  zoned: true
  vnet: # specify either 'name' and 'resourceGroup' or 'cidr'
    cidr: 10.250.0.0/16
  zones:
  - name: 1
    cidr: "10.250.0.0/24"
  - name: 2
    cidr: "10.250.0.0/24"
    natGateway:
      enabled: false

Migrating to zonal shoots with dedicated subnets per zone

For existing zonal clusters it is possible to migrate to a network layout with dedicated subnets per zone. The migration works by creating additional network resources as specified in the configuration and progressively roll part of your existing nodes to use the new resources. To achieve the controlled rollout of your nodes, parts of the existing infrastructure must be preserved which is why the following constraint is imposed:

One of your specified zones must have the exact same CIDR range as the current network.workers field. Here is an example of such migration:

infrastructureConfig:
  apiVersion: azure.provider.extensions.gardener.cloud/v1alpha1
  kind: InfrastructureConfig
  networks:
    vnet:
      cidr: 10.250.0.0/16
    workers: 10.250.0.0/19
  zoned: true

infrastructureConfig:
  apiVersion: azure.provider.extensions.gardener.cloud/v1alpha1
  kind: InfrastructureConfig
  networks:
    vnet:
      cidr: 10.250.0.0/16
    zones:
      - name: 3
        cidr: 10.250.0.0/19 # note the preservation of the 'workers' CIDR
# optionally add other zones 
    # - name: 2  
    #   cidr: 10.250.32.0/19
    #   natGateway:
    #     enabled: true
  zoned: true

Another more advanced example with user-provided public IP addresses for the NAT Gateway and how it can be migrated:

infrastructureConfig:
  apiVersion: azure.provider.extensions.gardener.cloud/v1alpha1
  kind: InfrastructureConfig
  networks:
    vnet:
      cidr: 10.250.0.0/16
    workers: 10.250.0.0/19
    natGateway:
      enabled: true
      zone: 1
      ipAddresses:
        - name: pip1
          resourceGroup: group
          zone: 1
        - name: pip2
          resourceGroup: group
          zone: 1
  zoned: true

infrastructureConfig:
  apiVersion: azure.provider.extensions.gardener.cloud/v1alpha1
  kind: InfrastructureConfig
  zoned: true
  networks:
    vnet:
      cidr: 10.250.0.0/16
    zones:
      - name: 1
        cidr: 10.250.0.0/19 # note the preservation of the 'workers' CIDR
        natGateway:
          enabled: true
          ipAddresses:
            - name: pip1
              resourceGroup: group
              zone: 1
            - name: pip2
              resourceGroup: group
              zone: 1
# optionally add other zones 
#     - name: 2  
#       cidr: 10.250.32.0/19
#       natGateway:
#         enabled: true
#         ipAddresses:
#           - name: pip3
#             resourceGroup: group

You can apply such change to your shoot by issuing a kubectl patch command to replace your current .spec.provider.infrastructureConfig section:

$ cat new-infra.json

[
  {
    "op": "replace",
    "path": "/spec/provider/infrastructureConfig",
    "value": {
      "apiVersion": "azure.provider.extensions.gardener.cloud/v1alpha1",
      "kind": "InfrastructureConfig",
      "networks": {
        "vnet": {
          "cidr": "<your-vnet-cidr>"
        },
        "zones": [
          {
            "name": 1,
            "cidr": "10.250.0.0/24",
            "natGateway": {
              "enabled": true
            }
          },
          {
            "name": 1,
            "cidr": "10.250.1.0/24",
            "natGateway": {
              "enabled": true
            }
          },
        ]
      },
      "zoned": true
    }
  }
]

kubectl patch --type="json" --patch-file new-infra.json shoot <my-shoot>

⚠️ The migration to shoots with dedicated subnets per zone is a one-way process. Reverting the shoot to the previous configuration is not supported.

⚠️ During the migration a subset of the nodes will be rolled to the new subnets.

`ControlPlaneConfig`

The control plane configuration mainly contains values for the Azure-specific control plane components. Today, the only component deployed by the Azure extension is the cloud-controller-manager.

An example ControlPlaneConfig for the Azure extension looks as follows:

apiVersion: azure.provider.extensions.gardener.cloud/v1alpha1
kind: ControlPlaneConfig
cloudControllerManager:
  featureGates:
    RotateKubeletServerCertificate: true

storage contains options for storage-related control plane component. storage.managedDefaultStorageClass is enabled by default and will deploy a storageClass and mark it as a default (via the storageclass.kubernetes.io/is-default-class annotation) storage.managedDefaultVolumeSnapshotClass is enabled by default and will deploy a volumeSnapshotClass and mark it as a default (via the snapshot.storage.kubernetes.io/is-default-classs annotation) In case you want to manage your own default storageClass or volumeSnapshotClass you need to disable the respective options above, otherwise reconciliation of the controlplane may fail.

`WorkerConfig`

The Azure extension supports encryption for volumes plus support for additional data volumes per machine. Please note that you cannot specify the encrypted flag for Azure disks as they are encrypted by default/out-of-the-box. For each data volume, you have to specify a name. The following YAML is a snippet of a Shoot resource:

spec:
  provider:
    workers:
    - name: cpu-worker
      ...
      volume:
        type: Standard_LRS
        size: 20Gi
      dataVolumes:
      - name: kubelet-dir
        type: Standard_LRS
        size: 25Gi

Additionally, it supports for other Azure-specific values and could be configured under .spec.provider.workers[].providerConfig

An example WorkerConfig for the Azure extension looks like:

apiVersion: azure.provider.extensions.gardener.cloud/v1alpha1
kind: WorkerConfig
nodeTemplate: # (to be specified only if the node capacity would be different from cloudprofile info during runtime)
  capacity:
    cpu: 2
    gpu: 1
    memory: 50Gi

The .nodeTemplate is used to specify resource information of the machine during runtime. This then helps in Scale-from-Zero. Some points to note for this field: - Currently only cpu, gpu and memory are configurable. - a change in the value lead to a rolling update of the machine in the workerpool - all the resources needs to be specified

Example `Shoot` manifest (non-zoned)

Please find below an example Shoot manifest for a non-zoned cluster:

apiVersion: core.gardener.cloud/v1beta1
kind: Shoot
metadata:
  name: johndoe-azure
  namespace: garden-dev
spec:
  cloudProfileName: azure
  region: westeurope
  secretBindingName: core-azure
  provider:
    type: azure
    infrastructureConfig:
      apiVersion: azure.provider.extensions.gardener.cloud/v1alpha1
      kind: InfrastructureConfig
      networks:
        vnet:
          cidr: 10.250.0.0/16
        workers: 10.250.0.0/19
      zoned: false
    controlPlaneConfig:
      apiVersion: azure.provider.extensions.gardener.cloud/v1alpha1
      kind: ControlPlaneConfig
    workers:
    - name: worker-xoluy
      machine:
        type: Standard_D4_v3
      minimum: 2
      maximum: 2
      volume:
        size: 50Gi
        type: Standard_LRS
#      providerConfig:
#        apiVersion: azure.provider.extensions.gardener.cloud/v1alpha1
#        kind: WorkerConfig
#        nodeTemplate: # (to be specified only if the node capacity would be different from cloudprofile info during runtime)
#          capacity:
#            cpu: 2
#            gpu: 1
#            memory: 50Gi
  networking:
    type: calico
    pods: 100.96.0.0/11
    nodes: 10.250.0.0/16
    services: 100.64.0.0/13
  kubernetes:
    version: 1.28.2
  maintenance:
    autoUpdate:
      kubernetesVersion: true
      machineImageVersion: true
  addons:
    kubernetesDashboard:
      enabled: true
    nginxIngress:
      enabled: true

Example `Shoot` manifest (zoned)

Please find below an example Shoot manifest for a zoned cluster:

apiVersion: core.gardener.cloud/v1beta1
kind: Shoot
metadata:
  name: johndoe-azure
  namespace: garden-dev
spec:
  cloudProfileName: azure
  region: westeurope
  secretBindingName: core-azure
  provider:
    type: azure
    infrastructureConfig:
      apiVersion: azure.provider.extensions.gardener.cloud/v1alpha1
      kind: InfrastructureConfig
      networks:
        vnet:
          cidr: 10.250.0.0/16
        workers: 10.250.0.0/19
      zoned: true
    controlPlaneConfig:
      apiVersion: azure.provider.extensions.gardener.cloud/v1alpha1
      kind: ControlPlaneConfig
    workers:
    - name: worker-xoluy
      machine:
        type: Standard_D4_v3
      minimum: 2
      maximum: 2
      volume:
        size: 50Gi
        type: Standard_LRS
      zones:
      - "1"
      - "2"
  networking:
    type: calico
    pods: 100.96.0.0/11
    nodes: 10.250.0.0/16
    services: 100.64.0.0/13
  kubernetes:
    version: 1.28.2
  maintenance:
    autoUpdate:
      kubernetesVersion: true
      machineImageVersion: true
  addons:
    kubernetesDashboard:
      enabled: true
    nginxIngress:
      enabled: true

Example `Shoot` manifest (zoned with NAT Gateways per zone)

Please find below an example Shoot manifest for a zoned cluster using NAT Gateways per zone:

apiVersion: core.gardener.cloud/v1beta1
kind: Shoot
metadata:
  name: johndoe-azure
  namespace: garden-dev
spec:
  cloudProfileName: azure
  region: westeurope
  secretBindingName: core-azure
  provider:
    type: azure
    infrastructureConfig:
      apiVersion: azure.provider.extensions.gardener.cloud/v1alpha1
      kind: InfrastructureConfig
      networks:
        vnet:
          cidr: 10.250.0.0/16
        zones:
        - name: 1
          cidr: 10.250.0.0/24
          serviceEndpoints:
          - Microsoft.Storage
          - Microsoft.Sql
          natGateway:
            enabled: true
            idleConnectionTimeoutMinutes: 4
        - name: 2
          cidr: 10.250.1.0/24
          serviceEndpoints:
          - Microsoft.Storage
          - Microsoft.Sql
          natGateway:
            enabled: true
      zoned: true
    controlPlaneConfig:
      apiVersion: azure.provider.extensions.gardener.cloud/v1alpha1
      kind: ControlPlaneConfig
    workers:
    - name: worker-xoluy
      machine:
        type: Standard_D4_v3
      minimum: 2
      maximum: 2
      volume:
        size: 50Gi
        type: Standard_LRS
      zones:
      - "1"
      - "2"
  networking:
    type: calico
    pods: 100.96.0.0/11
    nodes: 10.250.0.0/16
    services: 100.64.0.0/13
  kubernetes:
    version: 1.28.2
  maintenance:
    autoUpdate:
      kubernetesVersion: true
      machineImageVersion: true
  addons:
    kubernetesDashboard:
      enabled: true
    nginxIngress:
      enabled: true

CSI volume provisioners

Every Azure shoot cluster will be deployed with the Azure Disk CSI driver and the Azure File CSI driver.

Kubernetes Versions per Worker Pool

Shoot CA Certificate and `ServiceAccount` Signing Key Rotation

This extension supports gardener/gardener’s ShootCARotation and ShootSARotation feature gates since gardener-extension-provider-azure@v1.28.

Miscellaneous

Azure Accelerated Networking

All worker machines of the cluster will be automatically configured to use Azure Accelerated Networking if the prerequisites are fulfilled. The prerequisites are that the cluster must be zoned, and the used machine type and operating system image version are compatible for Accelerated Networking. Availability Set based shoot clusters will not be enabled for accelerated networking even if the machine type and operating system support it, this is necessary because all machines from the availability set must be scheduled on special hardware, more daitls can be found here. Supported machine types are listed in the CloudProfile in .spec.providerConfig.machineTypes[].acceleratedNetworking and the supported operating system image versions are defined in .spec.providerConfig.machineImages[].versions[].acceleratedNetworking.

Preview: Shoot clusters with VMSS Flexible Orchestration (VMSS Flex/VMO)

The machines of an Azure cluster can be created while being attached to an Azure Virtual Machine ScaleSet with flexible orchestraion. The Virtual Machine ScaleSet with flexible orchestration feature is currently in preview and not yet general available on Azure. Subscriptions need to join the preview to make use of the feature.

Azure VMSS Flex is intended to replace Azure AvailabilitySet for non-zoned Azure Shoot clusters in the mid-term (once the feature goes GA) as VMSS Flex come with less disadvantages like no blocking machine operations or compability with Standard SKU loadbalancer etc.

To configure an Azure Shoot cluster which make use of VMSS Flex you need to do the following:

The InfrastructureConfig of the Shoot configuration need to contain .zoned=false
Shoot resource need to have the following annotation assigned: alpha.azure.provider.extensions.gardener.cloud/vmo=true

Some key facts about VMSS Flex based clusters:

Unlike regular non-zonal Azure Shoot clusters, which have a primary AvailabilitySet which is shared between all machines in all worker pools of a Shoot cluster, a VMSS Flex based cluster has an own VMSS for each workerpool
In case the configuration of the VMSS will change (e.g. amount of fault domains in a region change; configured in the CloudProfile) all machines of the worker pool need to be rolled
It is not possible to migrate an existing primary AvailabilitySet based Shoot cluster to VMSS Flex based Shoot cluster and vice versa
VMSS Flex based clusters are using Standard SKU LoadBalancers instead of Basic SKU LoadBalancers for AvailabilitySet based Shoot clusters

1.4 - Provider Equinix Metal

Gardener extension controller for the Equinix Metal cloud provider

Gardener Extension for Equinix Metal provider

Project Gardener implements the automated management and operation of Kubernetes clusters as a service. Its main principle is to leverage Kubernetes concepts for all of its tasks.

This controller implements Gardener’s extension contract for the Equinix Metal provider.

An example for a ControllerRegistration resource that can be used to register this controller to Gardener can be found here.

Please find more information regarding the extensibility concepts and a detailed proposal here.

Supported Kubernetes versions

This extension controller supports the following Kubernetes versions:

Version	Support	Conformance test results
Kubernetes 1.29	untested	N/A
Kubernetes 1.28	untested	N/A
Kubernetes 1.27	untested	N/A
Kubernetes 1.26	untested	N/A
Kubernetes 1.25	untested	N/A

Please take a look here to see which versions are supported by Gardener in general.

How to start using or developing this extension controller locally

You can run the controller locally on your machine by executing make start.

Static code checks and tests can be executed by running make verify. We are using Go modules for Golang package dependency management and Ginkgo/Gomega for testing.

Feedback and Support

Feedback and contributions are always welcome. Please report bugs or suggestions as GitHub issues or join our Slack channel #gardener (please invite yourself to the Kubernetes workspace here).

Learn more!

Please find further resources about out project here:

1.4.1 - Operations

Using the Equinix Metal provider extension with Gardener as operator

The core.gardener.cloud/v1beta1.CloudProfile resource declares a providerConfig field that is meant to contain provider-specific configuration.

In this document we are describing how this configuration looks like for Equinix Metal and provide an example CloudProfile manifest with minimal configuration that you can use to allow creating Equinix Metal shoot clusters.

Example `CloudProfile` manifest

Please find below an example CloudProfile manifest:

apiVersion: core.gardener.cloud/v1beta1
kind: CloudProfile
metadata:
  name: equinix-metal
spec:
  type: equinixmetal
  kubernetes:
    versions:
    - version: 1.27.2
    - version: 1.26.7
    - version: 1.25.10
      #expirationDate: "2023-03-15T23:59:59Z"
  machineImages:
  - name: flatcar
    versions:
    - version: 0.0.0-stable
  machineTypes:
  - name: t1.small
    cpu: "4"
    gpu: "0"
    memory: 8Gi
    usable: true
  regions: # List of offered metros
  - name: ny
    zones: # List of offered facilities within the respective metro
    - name: ewr1
    - name: ny5
    - name: ny7
  providerConfig:
    apiVersion: equinixmetal.provider.extensions.gardener.cloud/v1alpha1
    kind: CloudProfileConfig
    machineImages:
    - name: flatcar
      versions:
      - version: 0.0.0-stable
        id: flatcar_stable
      - version: 3510.2.2
        ipxeScriptUrl: https://stable.release.flatcar-linux.net/amd64-usr/3510.2.2/flatcar_production_packet.ipxe

`CloudProfileConfig`

The cloud profile configuration contains information about the real machine image IDs in the Equinix Metal environment (IDs). You have to map every version that you specify in .spec.machineImages[].versions here such that the Equinix Metal extension knows the ID for every version you want to offer.

Equinix Metal supports two different options to specify the image:

Supported Operating System: Images that are provided by Equinix Metal. They are referenced by their ID (slug). See (Operating Systems Reference)[https://deploy.equinix.com/developers/docs/metal/operating-systems/supported/#operating-systems-reference] for all supported operating system and their ids.
Custom iPXE Boot: Equinix Metal supports passing custom iPXE scripts during provisioning, which allows you to install a custom operating system manually. This is useful if you want to have a custom image or want to pin to a specific version. See Custom iPXE Boot for details.

An example CloudProfileConfig for the Equinix Metal extension looks as follows:

apiVersion: equinixmetal.provider.extensions.gardener.cloud/v1alpha1
kind: CloudProfileConfig
machineImages:
- name: flatcar
  versions:
  - version: 0.0.0-stable
    id: flatcar_stable
  - version: 3510.2.2
    ipxeScriptUrl: https://stable.release.flatcar-linux.net/amd64-usr/3510.2.2/flatcar_production_packet.ipxe

NOTE: CloudProfileConfig is not a Custom Resource, so you cannot create it directly.

1.4.2 - Usage

Using the Equinix Metal provider extension with Gardener as end-user

The core.gardener.cloud/v1beta1.Shoot resource declares a few fields that are meant to contain provider-specific configuration.

In this document we are describing how this configuration looks like for Equinix Metal and provide an example Shoot manifest with minimal configuration that you can use to create an Equinix Metal cluster (modulo the landscape-specific information like cloud profile names, secret binding names, etc.).

Provider secret data

Every shoot cluster references a SecretBinding which itself references a Secret, and this Secret contains the provider credentials of your Equinix Metal project. This Secret must look as follows:

apiVersion: v1
kind: Secret
metadata:
  name: my-secret
  namespace: garden-dev
type: Opaque
data:
  apiToken: base64(api-token)
  projectID: base64(project-id)

Please look up https://metal.equinix.com/developers/api/ as well.

With Secret created, create a SecretBinding resource referencing it. It may look like this:

apiVersion: core.gardener.cloud/v1beta1
kind: SecretBinding
metadata:
  name: my-secret
  namespace: garden-dev
secretRef:
  name: my-secret
quotas: []

`InfrastructureConfig`

Currently, there is no infrastructure configuration possible for the Equinix Metal environment.

An example InfrastructureConfig for the Equinix Metal extension looks as follows:

apiVersion: equinixmetal.provider.extensions.gardener.cloud/v1alpha1
kind: InfrastructureConfig

The Equinix Metal extension will only create a key pair.

`ControlPlaneConfig`

The control plane configuration mainly contains values for the Equinix Metal-specific control plane components. Today, the Equinix Metal extension deploys the cloud-controller-manager and the CSI controllers, however, it doesn’t offer any configuration options at the moment.

An example ControlPlaneConfig for the Equinix Metal extension looks as follows:

apiVersion: equinixmetal.provider.extensions.gardener.cloud/v1alpha1
kind: ControlPlaneConfig

`WorkerConfig`

The Equinix Metal extension supports specifying IDs for reserved devices that should be used for the machines of a specific worker pool.

An example WorkerConfig for the Equinix Metal extension looks as follows:

apiVersion: equinixmetal.provider.extensions.gardener.cloud/v1alpha1
kind: WorkerConfig
reservationIDs:
- my-reserved-device-1
- my-reserved-device-2
reservedDevicesOnly: false

The .reservationIDs[] list contains the list of IDs of the reserved devices. The .reservedDevicesOnly field indicates whether only reserved devices from the provided list of reservation IDs should be used when new machines are created. It always will attempt to create a device from one of the reservation IDs. If none is available, the behaviour depends on the setting:

true: return an error
false: request a regular on-demand device

The default value is false.

Example `Shoot` manifest

Please find below an example Shoot manifest:

apiVersion: core.gardener.cloud/v1beta1
kind: Shoot
metadata:
  name: my-shoot
  namespace: garden-dev
spec:
  cloudProfileName: equinix-metal
  region: ny # Corresponds to a metro
  secretBindingName: my-secret
  provider:
    type: equinixmetal
    infrastructureConfig:
      apiVersion: equinixmetal.provider.extensions.gardener.cloud/v1alpha1
      kind: InfrastructureConfig
    controlPlaneConfig:
      apiVersion: equinixmetal.provider.extensions.gardener.cloud/v1alpha1
      kind: ControlPlaneConfig
    workers:
    - name: worker-pool1
      machine:
        type: t1.small
      minimum: 2
      maximum: 2
      volume:
        size: 50Gi
        type: storage_1
      zones: # Optional list of facilities, all of which MUST be in the metro; if not provided, then random facilities within the metro will be chosen for each machine.
      - ewr1
      - ny5
    - name: reserved-pool
      machine:
        type: t1.small
      minimum: 1
      maximum: 2
      providerConfig:
        apiVersion: equinixmetal.provider.extensions.gardener.cloud/v1alpha1
        kind: WorkerConfig
        reservationIDs:
        - reserved-device1
        - reserved-device2
        reservedDevicesOnly: true
      volume:
        size: 50Gi
        type: storage_1
  networking:
    type: calico
  kubernetes:
    version: 1.27.2
  maintenance:
    autoUpdate:
      kubernetesVersion: true
      machineImageVersion: true
  addons:
    kubernetesDashboard:
      enabled: true
    nginxIngress:
      enabled: true

⚠️ Note that if you specify multiple facilities in the .spec.provider.workers[].zones[] list then new machines are randomly created in one of the provided facilities. Particularly, it is not ensured that all facilities are used or that all machines are equally or unequally distributed.

Kubernetes Versions per Worker Pool

Shoot CA Certificate and `ServiceAccount` Signing Key Rotation

This extension supports gardener/gardener’s ShootCARotation feature gate since gardener-extension-provider-equinix-metal@v2.3 and ShootSARotation feature gate since gardener-extension-provider-equinix-metal@v2.4.

1.5 - Provider GCP

Gardener extension controller for the GCP cloud provider

Gardener Extension for GCP provider

Project Gardener implements the automated management and operation of Kubernetes clusters as a service. Its main principle is to leverage Kubernetes concepts for all of its tasks.

This controller implements Gardener’s extension contract for the GCP provider.

An example for a ControllerRegistration resource that can be used to register this controller to Gardener can be found here.

Please find more information regarding the extensibility concepts and a detailed proposal here.

Supported Kubernetes versions

This extension controller supports the following Kubernetes versions:

Version	Support	Conformance test results
Kubernetes 1.29	1.29.0+
Kubernetes 1.28	1.28.0+
Kubernetes 1.27	1.27.0+
Kubernetes 1.26	1.26.0+
Kubernetes 1.25	1.25.0+

Please take a look here to see which versions are supported by Gardener in general.

How to start using or developing this extension controller locally

You can run the controller locally on your machine by executing make start.

Static code checks and tests can be executed by running make verify. We are using Go modules for Golang package dependency management and Ginkgo/Gomega for testing.

Feedback and Support

Feedback and contributions are always welcome. Please report bugs or suggestions as GitHub issues or join our Slack channel #gardener (please invite yourself to the Kubernetes workspace here).

Learn more!

Please find further resources about out project here:

1.5.1 - Tutorials

1.5.1.1 - Create a Кubernetes Cluster on GCP with Gardener

Overview

Gardener allows you to create a Kubernetes cluster on different infrastructure providers. This tutorial will guide you through the process of creating a cluster on GCP.

Prerequisites

You have created a GCP account.
You have access to the Gardener dashboard and have permissions to create projects.

Steps

Go to the Gardener dashboard and create a Project.
Check which roles are required by Gardener.
1. Choose Secrets, then the plus icon and select GCP.
2. Click on the help button .
Create a service account with the correct roles in GCP:
1. Create a new service account in GCP.
2. Enter the name and description of your service account.
3. Assign the roles required by Gardener.
4. Choose Done.
Create a key for your service:
1. Locate your service account, then choose Actions and Manage keys.
2. Choose Add Key, then Create new key.
3. Save the private key of the service account in JSON format.
Note
Save the key of the user, it’s used later to create secrets for Gardener.
Enable the Google Compute API by following these steps.
When you are finished, you should see the following page:
Enable the Google IAM API by following these steps.
When you are finished, you should see the following page:
On the Gardener dashboard, choose Secrets and then the plus sign . Select GCP from the drop down menu to add a new GCP secret.
Create your secret.
1. Type the name of your secret.
2. Select your Cloud Profile.
3. Copy and paste the contents of the .JSON file you saved when you created the secret key on GCP.
4. Choose Add secret.
After completing these steps, you should see your newly created secret in the Infrastructure Secrets section.
To create a new cluster, choose Clusters and then the plus sign in the upper right corner.
In the Create Cluster section:
1. Select GCP in the Infrastructure tab.
2. Type the name of your cluster in the Cluster Details tab.
3. Choose the secret you created before in the Infrastructure Details tab.
4. Choose Create.
Wait for your cluster to get created.

Result

After completing the steps in this tutorial, you will be able to see and download the kubeconfig of your cluster.

1.5.2 - Deployment

Deployment of the GCP provider extension

Disclaimer: This document is NOT a step-by-step installation guide for the GCP provider extension and only contains some configuration specifics regarding the installation of different components via the helm charts residing in the GCP provider extension repository.

gardener-extension-admission-gcp

Authentication against the Garden cluster

There are several authentication possibilities depending on whether or not the concept of Virtual Garden is used.

Virtual Garden is not used, i.e., the `runtime` Garden cluster is also the `target` Garden cluster.

Automounted Service Account Token The easiest way to deploy the gardener-extension-admission-gcp component will be to not provide kubeconfig at all. This way in-cluster configuration and an automounted service account token will be used. The drawback of this approach is that the automounted token will not be automatically rotated.

Service Account Token Volume Projection Another solution will be to use Service Account Token Volume Projection combined with a kubeconfig referencing a token file (see example below).

apiVersion: v1
kind: Config
clusters:
- cluster:
    certificate-authority-data: <CA-DATA>
    server: https://default.kubernetes.svc.cluster.local
  name: garden
contexts:
- context:
    cluster: garden
    user: garden
  name: garden
current-context: garden
users:
- name: garden
  user:
    tokenFile: /var/run/secrets/projected/serviceaccount/token

Virtual Garden is used, i.e., the `runtime` Garden cluster is different from the `target` Garden cluster.

Deploy the application part of the charts in the target cluster.
Get the service account token and craft the kubeconfig.
Set the crafted kubeconfig and deploy the runtime part of the charts in the runtime cluster.

Generate a client certificate for the target cluster for the respective user.
Deploy the application part of the charts in the target cluster.
Craft a kubeconfig using the already generated client certificate.
Set the crafted kubeconfig and deploy the runtime part of the charts in the runtime cluster.

Deploy OWA and establish the needed trust.
Set .Values.global.virtualGarden.enabled: true and .Values.global.virtualGarden.user.name. Note: username value will depend on the trust configuration, e.g., <prefix>:system:serviceaccount:<namespace>:<serviceaccount>
Set .Values.global.serviceAccountTokenVolumeProjection.enabled: true and .Values.global.serviceAccountTokenVolumeProjection.audience. Note: audience value will depend on the trust configuration, e.g., <cliend-id-from-trust-config>.
Craft a kubeconfig (see example below).
Deploy the application part of the charts in the target cluster.
Deploy the runtime part of the charts in the runtime cluster.

apiVersion: v1
kind: Config
clusters:
- cluster:
    certificate-authority-data: <CA-DATA>
    server: https://virtual-garden.api
  name: virtual-garden
contexts:
- context:
    cluster: virtual-garden
    user: virtual-garden
  name: virtual-garden
current-context: virtual-garden
users:
- name: virtual-garden
  user:
    tokenFile: /var/run/secrets/projected/serviceaccount/token

1.5.3 - Local Setup

admission-gcp

admission-gcp is an admission webhook server which is responsible for the validation of the cloud provider (GCP in this case) specific fields and resources. The Gardener API server is cloud provider agnostic and it wouldn’t be able to perform similar validation.

Follow the steps below to run the admission webhook server locally.

Start the Gardener API server.
For details, check the Gardener local setup.
Start the webhook server
Make sure that the KUBECONFIG environment variable is pointing to the local garden cluster.
```
make start-admission
```
Setup the ValidatingWebhookConfiguration.
hack/dev-setup-admission-gcp.sh will configure the webhook Service which will allow the kube-apiserver of your local cluster to reach the webhook server. It will also apply the ValidatingWebhookConfiguration manifest.
```
./hack/dev-setup-admission-gcp.sh
```

You are now ready to experiment with the admission-gcp webhook server locally.

1.5.4 - Operations

Using the GCP provider extension with Gardener as operator

This document explains the necessary configuration for this provider extension.

`CloudProfile` resource

This section describes, how the configuration for CloudProfiles looks like for GCP by providing an example CloudProfile manifest with minimal configuration that can be used to allow the creation of GCP shoot clusters.

`CloudProfileConfig`

The cloud profile configuration contains information about the real machine image IDs in the GCP environment (image URLs). You have to map every version that you specify in .spec.machineImages[].versions here such that the GCP extension knows the image URL for every version you want to offer. For each machine image version an architecture field can be specified which specifies the CPU architecture of the machine on which given machine image can be used.

An example CloudProfileConfig for the GCP extension looks as follows:

apiVersion: gcp.provider.extensions.gardener.cloud/v1alpha1
kind: CloudProfileConfig
machineImages:
- name: coreos
  versions:
  - version: 2135.6.0
    image: projects/coreos-cloud/global/images/coreos-stable-2135-6-0-v20190801
    # architecture: amd64 # optional

Example `CloudProfile` manifest

If you want to allow that shoots can create VMs with local SSDs volumes then you have to specify the type of the disk with SCRATCH in the .spec.volumeTypes[] list. Please find below an example CloudProfile manifest:

apiVersion: core.gardener.cloud/v1beta1
kind: CloudProfile
metadata:
  name: gcp
spec:
  type: gcp
  kubernetes:
    versions:
    - version: 1.27.3
    - version: 1.26.8
      expirationDate: "2022-10-31T23:59:59Z"
  machineImages:
  - name: coreos
    versions:
    - version: 2135.6.0
  machineTypes:
  - name: n1-standard-4
    cpu: "4"
    gpu: "0"
    memory: 15Gi
  volumeTypes:
  - name: pd-standard
    class: standard
  - name: pd-ssd
    class: premium
  - name: SCRATCH
    class: standard
  regions:
  - region: europe-west1
    names:
    - europe-west1-b
    - europe-west1-c
    - europe-west1-d
  providerConfig:
    apiVersion: gcp.provider.extensions.gardener.cloud/v1alpha1
    kind: CloudProfileConfig
    machineImages:
    - name: coreos
      versions:
      - version: 2135.6.0
        image: projects/coreos-cloud/global/images/coreos-stable-2135-6-0-v20190801
        # architecture: amd64 # optional

`Seed` resource

Backup configuration

A Seed of type gcp can be configured to perform backups for the main etcds’ of the shoot clusters control planes using Google Cloud Storage buckets.

The location/region where the backups will be stored defaults to the region of the Seed (spec.provider.region), but can also be explicitly configured via the field spec.backup.region. The region of the backup can be different from where the seed cluster is running. However, usually it makes sense to pick the same region for the backup bucket as used for the Seed cluster.

Please find below an example Seed manifest (partly) that configures backups using Google Cloud Storage buckets.

---
apiVersion: core.gardener.cloud/v1beta1
kind: Seed
metadata:
  name: my-seed
spec:
  provider:
    type: gcp
    region: europe-west1
  backup:
    provider: gcp
    region: europe-west1 # default region
    secretRef:
      name: backup-credentials
      namespace: garden
  ...

An example of the referenced secret containing the credentials for the GCP Cloud storage can be found in the example folder.

Permissions for GCP Cloud Storage

Please make sure the service account associated with the provided credentials has the following IAM roles.

Storage Admin

1.5.5 - Usage

Using the GCP provider extension with Gardener as end-user

The core.gardener.cloud/v1beta1.Shoot resource declares a few fields that are meant to contain provider-specific configuration.

This document describes the configurable options for GCP and provides an example Shoot manifest with minimal configuration that can be used to create a GCP cluster (modulo the landscape-specific information like cloud profile names, secret binding names, etc.).

GCP Provider Credentials

In order for Gardener to create a Kubernetes cluster using GCP infrastructure components, a Shoot has to provide credentials with sufficient permissions to the desired GCP project. Every shoot cluster references a SecretBinding which itself references a Secret, and this Secret contains the provider credentials of the GCP project. The SecretBinding is configurable in the Shoot cluster with the field secretBindingName.

The required credentials for the GCP project are a Service Account Key to authenticate as a GCP Service Account. A service account is a special account that can be used by services and applications to interact with Google Cloud Platform APIs. Applications can use service account credentials to authorize themselves to a set of APIs and perform actions within the permissions granted to the service account.

Make sure to enable the Google Identity and Access Management (IAM) API. Create a Service Account that shall be used for the Shoot cluster. Grant at least the following IAM roles to the Service Account.

Service Account Admin
Service Account Token Creator
Service Account User
Compute Admin

Create a JSON Service Account key for the Service Account. Provide it in the Secret (base64 encoded for field serviceaccount.json), that is being referenced by the SecretBinding in the Shoot cluster configuration.

This Secret must look as follows:

apiVersion: v1
kind: Secret
metadata:
  name: core-gcp
  namespace: garden-dev
type: Opaque
data:
  serviceaccount.json: base64(serviceaccount-json)

⚠️ Depending on your API usage it can be problematic to reuse the same Service Account Key for different Shoot clusters due to rate limits. Please consider spreading your Shoots over multiple Service Accounts on different GCP projects if you are hitting those limits, see https://cloud.google.com/compute/docs/api-rate-limits.

`InfrastructureConfig`

An example InfrastructureConfig for the GCP extension looks as follows:

apiVersion: gcp.provider.extensions.gardener.cloud/v1alpha1
kind: InfrastructureConfig
networks:
# vpc:
#   name: my-vpc
#   cloudRouter:
#     name: my-cloudrouter
  workers: 10.250.0.0/16
# internal: 10.251.0.0/16
# cloudNAT:
#   minPortsPerVM: 2048
#   maxPortsPerVM: 65536
#   endpointIndependentMapping:
#     enabled: false
#   enableDynamicPortAllocation: false
#   natIPNames:
#   - name: manualnat1
#   - name: manualnat2
#   udpIdleTimeoutSec: 30
#   icmpIdleTimeoutSec: 30
#   tcpEstablishedIdleTimeoutSec: 1200
#   tcpTransitoryIdleTimeoutSec: 30
#   tcpTimeWaitTimeoutSec: 120
# flowLogs:
#   aggregationInterval: INTERVAL_5_SEC
#   flowSampling: 0.2
#   metadata: INCLUDE_ALL_METADATA

The networks.vpc section describes whether you want to create the shoot cluster in an already existing VPC or whether to create a new one:

If networks.vpc.name is given then you have to specify the VPC name of the existing VPC that was created by other means (manually, other tooling, …). If you want to get a fresh VPC for the shoot then just omit the networks.vpc field.
If a VPC name is not given then we will create the cloud router + NAT gateway to ensure that worker nodes don’t get external IPs.
If a VPC name is given then a cloud router name must also be given, failure to do so would result in validation errors and possibly clusters without egress connectivity.
If a VPC name is given and calico shoot clusters are created without a network overlay within one VPC make sure that the pod CIDR specified in shoot.spec.networking.pods is not overlapping with any other pod CIDR used in that VPC. Overlapping pod CIDRs will lead to disfunctional shoot clusters.

The networks.workers section describes the CIDR for a subnet that is used for all shoot worker nodes, i.e., VMs which later run your applications.

The networks.internal section is optional and can describe a CIDR for a subnet that is used for internal load balancers,

The networks.cloudNAT.minPortsPerVM is optional and is used to define the minimum number of ports allocated to a VM for the CloudNAT

The networks.cloudNAT.natIPNames is optional and is used to specify the names of the manual ip addresses which should be used by the nat gateway

The networks.cloudNAT.endpointIndependentMapping is optional and is used to define the endpoint mapping behavior. You can enable it or disable it at any point by toggling networks.cloudNAT.endpointIndependentMapping.enabled. By default, it is disabled.

networks.cloudNAT.enableDynamicPortAllocation is optional (default: false) and allows one to enable dynamic port allocation (https://cloud.google.com/nat/docs/ports-and-addresses#dynamic-port). Note that enabling this puts additional restrictions on the permitted values for networks.cloudNAT.minPortsPerVM and networks.cloudNAT.minPortsPerVM, namely that they now both are required to be powers of two. Also, maxPortsPerVM may not be given if dynamic port allocation is disabled.

networks.cloudNAT.udpIdleTimeoutSec, networks.cloudNAT.icmpIdleTimeoutSec, networks.cloudNAT.tcpEstablishedIdleTimeoutSec, networks.cloudNAT.tcpTransitoryIdleTimeoutSec, and networks.cloudNAT.tcpTimeWaitTimeoutSec give more fine-granular control over various timeout-values. For more details see https://cloud.google.com/nat/docs/public-nat#specs-timeouts.

The specified CIDR ranges must be contained in the VPC CIDR specified above, or the VPC CIDR of your already existing VPC. You can freely choose these CIDRs and it is your responsibility to properly design the network layout to suit your needs.

The networks.flowLogs section describes the configuration for the VPC flow logs. In order to enable the VPC flow logs at least one of the following parameters needs to be specified in the flow log section:

networks.flowLogs.aggregationInterval an optional parameter describing the aggregation interval for collecting flow logs. For more details, see aggregation_interval reference.
networks.flowLogs.flowSampling an optional parameter describing the sampling rate of VPC flow logs within the subnetwork where 1.0 means all collected logs are reported and 0.0 means no logs are reported. For more details, see flow_sampling reference.
networks.flowLogs.metadata an optional parameter describing whether metadata fields should be added to the reported VPC flow logs. For more details, see metadata reference.

Apart from the VPC and the subnets the GCP extension will also create a dedicated service account for this shoot, and firewall rules.

`ControlPlaneConfig`

The control plane configuration mainly contains values for the GCP-specific control plane components. Today, the only component deployed by the GCP extension is the cloud-controller-manager.

An example ControlPlaneConfig for the GCP extension looks as follows:

apiVersion: gcp.provider.extensions.gardener.cloud/v1alpha1
kind: ControlPlaneConfig
zone: europe-west1-b
cloudControllerManager:
  featureGates:
    RotateKubeletServerCertificate: true
storage:
  managedDefaultStorageClass: true
  managedDefaultVolumeSnapshotClass: true

The zone field tells the cloud-controller-manager in which zone it should mainly operate. You can still create clusters in multiple availability zones, however, the cloud-controller-manager requires one “main” zone. ⚠️ You always have to specify this field!

The members of the storage allows to configure the provided storage classes further. If storage.managedDefaultStorageClass is enabled (the default), the default StorageClass deployed will be marked as default (via storageclass.kubernetes.io/is-default-class annotation). Similarly, if storage.managedDefaultVolumeSnapshotClass is enabled (the default), the default VolumeSnapshotClass deployed will be marked as default. In case you want to set a different StorageClass or VolumeSnapshotClass as default you need to set the corresponding option to false as at most one class should be marked as default in each case and the ResourceManager will prevent any changes from the Gardener managed classes to take effect.

WorkerConfig

The worker configuration contains:

Local SSD interface for the additional volumes attached to GCP worker machines.
If you attach the disk with SCRATCH type, either an NVMe interface or a SCSI interface must be specified. It is only meaningful to provide this volume interface if only SCRATCH data volumes are used.
Volume Encryption config that specifies values for kmsKeyName and kmsKeyServiceAccountName.
- The kmsKeyName is the key name of the cloud kms disk encryption key and must be specified if CMEK disk encryption is needed.
- The kmsKeyServiceAccount is the service account granted the roles/cloudkms.cryptoKeyEncrypterDecrypter on the kmsKeyName If empty, then the role should be given to the Compute Engine Service Agent Account. This CESA account usually has the name: service-PROJECT_NUMBER@compute-system.iam.gserviceaccount.com. See: https://cloud.google.com/iam/docs/service-agents#compute-engine-service-agent
- Prior to use, the operator should add IAM policy binding using the gcloud CLI:
```
gcloud projects add-iam-policy-binding projectId --member
serviceAccount:name@projectIdgserviceaccount.com --role roles/cloudkms.cryptoKeyEncrypterDecrypter
```
Service Account with their specified scopes, authorized for this worker.
Service accounts created in advance that generate access tokens that can be accessed through the metadata server and used to authenticate applications on the instance.
Note: If you do not provide service accounts for your workers, the Compute Engine default service account will be used. For more details on the default account, see https://cloud.google.com/compute/docs/access/service-accounts#default_service_account. If the DisableGardenerServiceAccountCreation feature gate is disabled, Gardener will create a shared service accounts to use for all instances. This feature gate is currently in beta and it will no longer be possible to re-enable the service account creation via feature gate flag.
GPU with its type and count per node. This will attach that GPU to all the machines in the worker grp
Note:
- A rolling upgrade of the worker group would be triggered in case the acceleratorType or count is updated.
- Some machineTypes like a2 family come with already attached gpu of a100 type and pre-defined count. If your workerPool consists of such machineTypes, please specify exact GPU configuration for the machine type as specified in Google cloud documentation. acceleratorType to use for families with attached gpu are stated below:
  1. a2 family -> nvidia-tesla-a100
  2. g2 family -> nvidia-l4
- Sufficient quota of gpu is needed in the GCP project. This includes quota to support autoscaling if enabled.
- GPU-attached machines can’t be live migrated during host maintenance events. Find out how to handle that in your application here
- GPU count specified here is considered for forming node template during scale-from-zero in Cluster Autoscaler
An example WorkerConfig for the GCP looks as follows:

apiVersion: gcp.provider.extensions.gardener.cloud/v1alpha1
kind: WorkerConfig
volume:
  interface: NVME
serviceAccount:
  email: foo@bar.com
  scopes:
  - https://www.googleapis.com/auth/cloud-platform
gpu:
  acceleratorType: nvidia-tesla-t4
  count: 1

Example `Shoot` manifest

Please find below an example Shoot manifest:

apiVersion: core.gardener.cloud/v1beta1
kind: Shoot
metadata:
  name: johndoe-gcp
  namespace: garden-dev
spec:
  cloudProfileName: gcp
  region: europe-west1
  secretBindingName: core-gcp
  provider:
    type: gcp
    infrastructureConfig:
      apiVersion: gcp.provider.extensions.gardener.cloud/v1alpha1
      kind: InfrastructureConfig
      networks:
        workers: 10.250.0.0/16
    controlPlaneConfig:
      apiVersion: gcp.provider.extensions.gardener.cloud/v1alpha1
      kind: ControlPlaneConfig
      zone: europe-west1-b
    workers:
    - name: worker-xoluy
      machine:
        type: n1-standard-4
      minimum: 2
      maximum: 2
      volume:
        size: 50Gi
        type: pd-standard
      zones:
      - europe-west1-b
  networking:
    nodes: 10.250.0.0/16
    type: calico
  kubernetes:
    version: 1.28.2
  maintenance:
    autoUpdate:
      kubernetesVersion: true
      machineImageVersion: true
  addons:
    kubernetesDashboard:
      enabled: true
    nginxIngress:
      enabled: true

CSI volume provisioners

Every GCP shoot cluster will be deployed with the GCP PD CSI driver. It is compatible with the legacy in-tree volume provisioner that was deprecated by the Kubernetes community and will be removed in future versions of Kubernetes. End-users might want to update their custom StorageClasses to the new pd.csi.storage.gke.io provisioner.

Kubernetes Versions per Worker Pool

Shoot CA Certificate and `ServiceAccount` Signing Key Rotation

This extension supports gardener/gardener’s ShootCARotation and ShootSARotation feature gates since gardener-extension-provider-gcp@v1.23.

1.6 - Provider Openstack

Gardener extension controller for the OpenStack cloud provider

Gardener Extension for OpenStack provider

Project Gardener implements the automated management and operation of Kubernetes clusters as a service. Its main principle is to leverage Kubernetes concepts for all of its tasks.

This controller implements Gardener’s extension contract for the OpenStack provider.

An example for a ControllerRegistration resource that can be used to register this controller to Gardener can be found here.

Please find more information regarding the extensibility concepts and a detailed proposal here.

Supported Kubernetes versions

This extension controller supports the following Kubernetes versions:

Version	Support	Conformance test results
Kubernetes 1.29	1.29.0+
Kubernetes 1.28	1.28.0+
Kubernetes 1.27	1.27.0+
Kubernetes 1.26	1.26.0+
Kubernetes 1.25	1.25.0+

Please take a look here to see which versions are supported by Gardener in general.

Compatibility

The following lists known compatibility issues of this extension controller with other Gardener components.

OpenStack Extension	Gardener	Action	Notes
`< v1.12.0`	`> v1.10.0`	Please update the provider version to `>= v1.12.0` or disable the feature gate `MountHostCADirectories` in the Gardenlet.	Applies if feature flag `MountHostCADirectories` in the Gardenlet is enabled. This is to prevent duplicate volume mounts to `/usr/share/ca-certificates` in the Shoot API Server.

How to start using or developing this extension controller locally

You can run the controller locally on your machine by executing make start.

Static code checks and tests can be executed by running make verify. We are using Go modules for Golang package dependency management and Ginkgo/Gomega for testing.

Feedback and Support

Feedback and contributions are always welcome. Please report bugs or suggestions as GitHub issues or join our Slack channel #gardener (please invite yourself to the Kubernetes workspace here).

Learn more!

Please find further resources about out project here:

1.6.1 - Deployment

Deployment of the OpenStack provider extension

Disclaimer: This document is NOT a step by step installation guide for the OpenStack provider extension and only contains some configuration specifics regarding the installation of different components via the helm charts residing in the OpenStack provider extension repository.

gardener-extension-admission-openstack

Authentication against the Garden cluster

There are several authentication possibilities depending on whether or not the concept of Virtual Garden is used.

Virtual Garden is not used, i.e., the `runtime` Garden cluster is also the `target` Garden cluster.

Automounted Service Account Token The easiest way to deploy the gardener-extension-admission-openstack component will be to not provide kubeconfig at all. This way in-cluster configuration and an automounted service account token will be used. The drawback of this approach is that the automounted token will not be automatically rotated.

Service Account Token Volume Projection Another solution will be to use Service Account Token Volume Projection combined with a kubeconfig referencing a token file (see example below).

apiVersion: v1
kind: Config
clusters:
- cluster:
    certificate-authority-data: <CA-DATA>
    server: https://default.kubernetes.svc.cluster.local
  name: garden
contexts:
- context:
    cluster: garden
    user: garden
  name: garden
current-context: garden
users:
- name: garden
  user:
    tokenFile: /var/run/secrets/projected/serviceaccount/token

Virtual Garden is used, i.e., the `runtime` Garden cluster is different from the `target` Garden cluster.

Deploy the application part of the charts in the target cluster.
Get the service account token and craft the kubeconfig.
Set the crafted kubeconfig and deploy the runtime part of the charts in the runtime cluster.

Generate a client certificate for the target cluster for the respective user.
Deploy the application part of the charts in the target cluster.
Craft a kubeconfig using the already generated client certificate.
Set the crafted kubeconfig and deploy the runtime part of the charts in the runtime cluster.

Deploy OWA and establish the needed trust.
Set .Values.global.virtualGarden.enabled: true and .Values.global.virtualGarden.user.name. Note: username value will depend on the trust configuration, e.g., <prefix>:system:serviceaccount:<namespace>:<serviceaccount>
Set .Values.global.serviceAccountTokenVolumeProjection.enabled: true and .Values.global.serviceAccountTokenVolumeProjection.audience. Note: audience value will depend on the trust configuration, e.g., <cliend-id-from-trust-config>.
Craft a kubeconfig (see example below).
Deploy the application part of the charts in the target cluster.
Deploy the runtime part of the charts in the runtime cluster.

apiVersion: v1
kind: Config
clusters:
- cluster:
    certificate-authority-data: <CA-DATA>
    server: https://virtual-garden.api
  name: virtual-garden
contexts:
- context:
    cluster: virtual-garden
    user: virtual-garden
  name: virtual-garden
current-context: virtual-garden
users:
- name: virtual-garden
  user:
    tokenFile: /var/run/secrets/projected/serviceaccount/token

1.6.2 - Local Setup

admission-openstack

admission-openstack is an admission webhook server which is responsible for the validation of the cloud provider (OpenStack in this case) specific fields and resources. The Gardener API server is cloud provider agnostic and it wouldn’t be able to perform similar validation.

Follow the steps below to run the admission webhook server locally.

Start the Gardener API server.
For details, check the Gardener local setup.
Start the webhook server
Make sure that the KUBECONFIG environment variable is pointing to the local garden cluster.
```
make start-admission
```
Setup the ValidatingWebhookConfiguration.
hack/dev-setup-admission-openstack.sh will configure the webhook Service which will allow the kube-apiserver of your local cluster to reach the webhook server. It will also apply the ValidatingWebhookConfiguration manifest.
```
./hack/dev-setup-admission-openstack.sh
```

You are now ready to experiment with the admission-openstack webhook server locally.

1.6.3 - Operations

Using the OpenStack provider extension with Gardener as operator

The core.gardener.cloud/v1beta1.CloudProfile resource declares a providerConfig field that is meant to contain provider-specific configuration.

In this document we are describing how this configuration looks like for OpenStack and provide an example CloudProfile manifest with minimal configuration that you can use to allow creating OpenStack shoot clusters.

`CloudProfileConfig`

The cloud profile configuration contains information about the real machine image IDs in the OpenStack environment (image names). You have to map every version that you specify in .spec.machineImages[].versions here such that the OpenStack extension knows the image ID for every version you want to offer.

It also contains optional default values for DNS servers that shall be used for shoots. In the dnsServers[] list you can specify IP addresses that are used as DNS configuration for created shoot subnets.

Also, you have to specify the keystone URL in the keystoneURL field to your environment.

Additionally, you can influence the HTTP request timeout when talking to the OpenStack API in the requestTimeout field. This may help when you have for example a long list of load balancers in your environment.

In case your OpenStack system uses Octavia for network load balancing then you have to set the useOctavia field to true such that the cloud-controller-manager for OpenStack gets correctly configured (it defaults to false).

Some hypervisors (especially those which are VMware-based) don’t automatically send a new volume size to a Linux kernel when a volume is resized and in-use. For those hypervisors you can enable the storage plugin interacting with Cinder to telling the SCSI block device to refresh its information to provide information about it’s updated size to the kernel. You might need to enable this behavior depending on the underlying hypervisor of your OpenStack installation. The rescanBlockStorageOnResize field controls this. Please note that it only applies for Kubernetes versions where CSI is used.

Some openstack configurations do not allow to attach more volumes than a specific amount to a single node. To tell the k8s scheduler to not over schedule volumes on a node, you can set nodeVolumeAttachLimit which defaults to 256. Some openstack configurations have different names for volume and compute availability zones, which might cause pods to go into pending state as there are no nodes available in the detected volume AZ. To ignore the volume AZ when scheduling pods, you can set ignoreVolumeAZ to true (it defaults to false). See CSI Cinder driver.

The cloud profile config also contains constraints for floating pools and load balancer providers that can be used in shoots.

If your OpenStack system supports server groups, the serverGroupPolicies property will enable your end-users to create shoots with workers where the nodes are managed by Nova’s server groups. Specifying serverGroupPolicies is optional and can be omitted. If enabled, the end-user can choose whether or not to use this feature for a shoot’s workers. Gardener will handle the creation of the server group and node assignment.

To enable this feature, an operator should:

specify the allowed policy values (e.g. affintity, anti-affinity) in this section. Only the policies in the allow-list will be available for end-users.
make sure that your OpenStack project has enough server group capacity. Otherwise, shoot creation will fail.

If your OpenStack system has multiple volume-types, the storageClasses property enables the creation of kubernetes storageClasses for shoots. Set storageClasses[].parameters.type to map it with an openstack volume-type. Specifying storageClasses is optional and can be omitted.

An example CloudProfileConfig for the OpenStack extension looks as follows:

apiVersion: openstack.provider.extensions.gardener.cloud/v1alpha1
kind: CloudProfileConfig
machineImages:
- name: coreos
  versions:
  - version: 2135.6.0
    # Fallback to image name if no region mapping is found
    # Only works for amd64 and is strongly discouraged. Prefer image IDs!
    image: coreos-2135.6.0
    regions:
    - name: europe
      id: "1234-amd64"
      architecture: amd64 # optional, defaults to amd64
    - name: europe
      id: "1234-arm64"
      architecture: arm64
    - name: asia
      id: "5678-amd64"
      architecture: amd64
# keystoneURL: https://url-to-keystone/v3/
# keystoneURLs:
# - region: europe
#   url: https://europe.example.com/v3/
# - region: asia
#   url: https://asia.example.com/v3/
# dnsServers:
# - 10.10.10.11
# - 10.10.10.12
# requestTimeout: 60s
# useOctavia: true
# useSNAT: true
# rescanBlockStorageOnResize: true
# ignoreVolumeAZ: true
# nodeVolumeAttachLimit: 30
# serverGroupPolicies:
# - soft-anti-affinity
# - anti-affinity
# resolvConfOptions:
# - rotate
# - timeout:1
# storageClasses:
# - name: example-sc
#   default: false
#   provisioner: cinder.csi.openstack.org
#   volumeBindingMode: WaitForFirstConsumer
#   parameters:
#     type: storage_premium_perf0
constraints:
  floatingPools:
  - name: fp-pool-1
#   region: europe
#   loadBalancerClasses:
#   - name: lb-class-1
#     floatingSubnetID: "1234"
#     floatingNetworkID: "4567"
#     subnetID: "7890"
# - name: "fp-pool-*"
#   region: europe
#   loadBalancerClasses:
#   - name: lb-class-1
#     floatingSubnetID: "1234"
#     floatingNetworkID: "4567"
#     subnetID: "7890"
# - name: "fp-pool-eu-demo"
#   region: europe
#   domain: demo
#   loadBalancerClasses:
#   - name: lb-class-1
#     floatingSubnetID: "1234"
#     floatingNetworkID: "4567"
#     subnetID: "7890"
# - name: "fp-pool-eu-dev"
#   region: europe
#   domain: dev
#   nonConstraining: true
#   loadBalancerClasses:
#   - name: lb-class-1
#     floatingSubnetID: "1234"
#     floatingNetworkID: "4567"
#     subnetID: "7890"
  loadBalancerProviders:
  - name: haproxy
#   region: europe
# - name: f5
#   region: asia

Please note that it is possible to configure a region mapping for keystone URLs, floating pools, and load balancer providers. Additionally, floating pools can be constrainted to a keystone domain by specifying the domain field. Floating pool names may also contains simple wildcard expressions, like * or fp-pool-* or *-fp-pool. Please note that the * must be either single or at the beginning or at the end. Consequently, fp-*-pool is not possible/allowed. The default behavior is that, if found, the regional (and/or domain restricted) entry is taken. If no entry for the given region exists then the fallback value is the most matching entry (w.r.t. wildcard matching) in the list without a region field (or the keystoneURL value for the keystone URLs). If an additional floating pool should be selectable for a region and/or domain, you can mark it as non constraining with setting the optional field nonConstraining to true.

The loadBalancerClasses field is an optional list of load balancer classes which can be when the corresponding floating pool network is choosen. The load balancer classes can be configured in the same way as in the ControlPlaneConfig in the Shoot resource, therefore see here for more details.

Some OpenStack environments don’t need these regional mappings, hence, the region and keystoneURLs fields are optional. If your OpenStack environment only has regional values and it doesn’t make sense to provide a (non-regional) fallback then simply omit keystoneURL and always specify region.

If Gardener creates and manages the router of a shoot cluster, it is additionally possible to specify that the enable_snat field is set to true via useSNAT: true in the CloudProfileConfig.

On some OpenStack enviroments, there may be the need to set options in the file /etc/resolv.conf on worker nodes. If the field resolvConfOptions is set, a systemd service will be installed which copies /run/systemd/resolve/resolv.conf on every change to /etc/resolv.conf and appends the given options.

Example `CloudProfile` manifest

Please find below an example CloudProfile manifest:

apiVersion: core.gardener.cloud/v1beta1
kind: CloudProfile
metadata:
  name: openstack
spec:
  type: openstack
  kubernetes:
    versions:
    - version: 1.27.3
    - version: 1.26.8
      expirationDate: "2022-10-31T23:59:59Z"
  machineImages:
  - name: coreos
    versions:
    - version: 2135.6.0
      architectures: # optional, defaults to [amd64]
      - amd64
      - arm64
  machineTypes:
  - name: medium_4_8
    cpu: "4"
    gpu: "0"
    memory: 8Gi
    architecture: amd64 # optional, defaults to amd64
    storage:
      class: standard
      type: default
      size: 40Gi
  - name: medium_4_8_arm
    cpu: "4"
    gpu: "0"
    memory: 8Gi
    architecture: arm64
    storage:
      class: standard
      type: default
      size: 40Gi
  regions:
  - name: europe-1
    zones:
    - name: europe-1a
    - name: europe-1b
    - name: europe-1c
  providerConfig:
    apiVersion: openstack.provider.extensions.gardener.cloud/v1alpha1
    kind: CloudProfileConfig
    machineImages:
    - name: coreos
      versions:
      - version: 2135.6.0
        # Fallback to image name if no region mapping is found
        # Only works for amd64 and is strongly discouraged. Prefer image IDs!
        image: coreos-2135.6.0
        regions:
        - name: europe
          id: "1234-amd64"
          architecture: amd64 # optional, defaults to amd64
        - name: europe
          id: "1234-arm64"
          architecture: arm64
        - name: asia
          id: "5678-amd64"
          architecture: amd64
    keystoneURL: https://url-to-keystone/v3/
    constraints:
      floatingPools:
      - name: fp-pool-1
      loadBalancerProviders:
      - name: haproxy

1.6.4 - Usage

Using the OpenStack provider extension with Gardener as end-user

The core.gardener.cloud/v1beta1.Shoot resource declares a few fields that are meant to contain provider-specific configuration.

In this document we are describing how this configuration looks like for OpenStack and provide an example Shoot manifest with minimal configuration that you can use to create an OpenStack cluster (modulo the landscape-specific information like cloud profile names, secret binding names, etc.).

Provider Secret Data

Every shoot cluster references a SecretBinding which itself references a Secret, and this Secret contains the provider credentials of your OpenStack tenant. This Secret must look as follows:

apiVersion: v1
kind: Secret
metadata:
  name: core-openstack
  namespace: garden-dev
type: Opaque
data:
  domainName: base64(domain-name)
  tenantName: base64(tenant-name)
  
  # either use username/password
  username: base64(user-name)
  password: base64(password)

  # or application credentials
  #applicationCredentialID: base64(app-credential-id)
  #applicationCredentialName: base64(app-credential-name) # optional
  #applicationCredentialSecret: base64(app-credential-secret)

Please look up https://docs.openstack.org/keystone/pike/admin/identity-concepts.html as well.

For authentication with username/password see Keystone username/password

Alternatively, for authentication with application credentials see Keystone Application Credentials.

⚠️ Depending on your API usage it can be problematic to reuse the same provider credentials for different Shoot clusters due to rate limits. Please consider spreading your Shoots over multiple credentials from different tenants if you are hitting those limits.

`InfrastructureConfig`

An example InfrastructureConfig for the OpenStack extension looks as follows:

apiVersion: openstack.provider.extensions.gardener.cloud/v1alpha1
kind: InfrastructureConfig
floatingPoolName: MY-FLOATING-POOL
# floatingPoolSubnetName: my-floating-pool-subnet-name
networks:
# id: 12345678-abcd-efef-08af-0123456789ab
# router:
#   id: 1234
  workers: 10.250.0.0/19

# shareNetwork:
#   enabled: true

The floatingPoolName is the name of the floating pool you want to use for your shoot. If you don’t know which floating pools are available look it up in the respective CloudProfile.

With floatingPoolSubnetName you can explicitly define to which subnet in the floating pool network (defined via floatingPoolName) the router should be attached to.

networks.id is an optional field. If it is given, you can specify the uuid of an existing private Neutron network (created manually, by other tooling, …) that should be reused. A new subnet for the Shoot will be created in it.

If a networks.id is given and calico shoot clusters are created without a network overlay within one network make sure that the pod CIDR specified in shoot.spec.networking.pods is not overlapping with any other pod CIDR used in that network. Overlapping pod CIDRs will lead to disfunctional shoot clusters.

The networks.router section describes whether you want to create the shoot cluster in an already existing router or whether to create a new one:

If networks.router.id is given then you have to specify the router id of the existing router that was created by other means (manually, other tooling, …). If you want to get a fresh router for the shoot then just omit the networks.router field.
In any case, the shoot cluster will be created in a new subnet.

The networks.workers section describes the CIDR for a subnet that is used for all shoot worker nodes, i.e., VMs which later run your applications.

You can freely choose these CIDRs and it is your responsibility to properly design the network layout to suit your needs.

Apart from the router and the worker subnet the OpenStack extension will also create a network, router interfaces, security groups, and a key pair.

The optional networks.shareNetwork.enabled field controls the creation of a share network. This is only needed if shared file system storage (like NFS) should be used. Note, that in this case, the ControlPlaneConfig needs additional configuration, too.

`ControlPlaneConfig`

The control plane configuration mainly contains values for the OpenStack-specific control plane components. Today, the only component deployed by the OpenStack extension is the cloud-controller-manager.

An example ControlPlaneConfig for the OpenStack extension looks as follows:

apiVersion: openstack.provider.extensions.gardener.cloud/v1alpha1
kind: ControlPlaneConfig
loadBalancerProvider: haproxy
loadBalancerClasses:
- name: lbclass-1
  purpose: default
  floatingNetworkID: fips-1-id
  floatingSubnetName: internet-*
- name: lbclass-2
  floatingNetworkID: fips-1-id
  floatingSubnetTags: internal,private
- name: lbclass-3
  purpose: private
  subnetID: internal-id
cloudControllerManager:
  featureGates:
    RotateKubeletServerCertificate: true
#storage:
#  csiManila:
#    enabled: true

The loadBalancerProvider is the provider name you want to use for load balancers in your shoot. If you don’t know which types are available look it up in the respective CloudProfile.

The loadBalancerClasses field contains an optional list of load balancer classes which will be available in the cluster. Each entry can have the following fields:

name to select the load balancer class via the kubernetes service annotations loadbalancer.openstack.org/class=name
purpose with values default or private
- The configuration of the default load balancer class will be used as default for all other kubernetes loadbalancer services without a class annotation
- The configuration of the private load balancer class will be also set to the global loadbalancer configuration of the cluster, but will be overridden by the default purpose
floatingNetworkID can be specified to receive an ip from an floating/external network, additionally the subnet in this network can be selected via
- floatingSubnetName can be either a full subnet name or a regex/glob to match subnet name
- floatingSubnetTags a comma seperated list of subnet tags
- floatingSubnetID the id of a specific subnet
subnetID can be specified by to receive an ip from an internal subnet (will not have an effect in combination with floating/external network configuration)

The cloudControllerManager.featureGates contains a map of explicitly enabled or disabled feature gates. For production usage it’s not recommended to use this field at all as you can enable alpha features or disable beta/stable features, potentially impacting the cluster stability. If you don’t want to configure anything for the cloudControllerManager simply omit the key in the YAML specification.

The optional storage.csiManila.enabled field is used to enable the deployment of the CSI Manila driver to support NFS persistent volumes. In this case, please ensure to set networks.shareNetwork.enabled=true in the InfrastructureConfig, too. Additionally, if CSI Manila driver is enabled, for each availability zone a NFS StorageClass will be created on the shoot named like csi-manila-nfs-<zone>.

`WorkerConfig`

Each worker group in a shoot may contain provider-specific configurations and options. These are contained in the providerConfig section of a worker group and can be configured using a WorkerConfig object. An example of a WorkerConfig looks as follows:

apiVersion: openstack.provider.extensions.gardener.cloud/v1alpha1
kind: WorkerConfig
serverGroup:
  policy: soft-anti-affinity
# nodeTemplate: # (to be specified only if the node capacity would be different from cloudprofile info during runtime)
#   capacity:
#     cpu: 2
#     gpu: 0
#     memory: 50Gi
# machineLabels:
#  - name: my-label
#    value: foo
#  - name: my-rolling-label
#    value: bar
#    triggerRollingOnUpdate: true # means any change of the machine label value will trigger rolling of all machines of the worker pool

ServerGroups

When you specify the serverGroup section in your worker group configuration, a new server group will be created with the configured policy for each worker group that enabled this setting and all machines managed by this worker group will be assigned as members of the created server group.

For users to have access to the server group feature, it must be enabled on the CloudProfile by your operator. Existing clusters can take advantage of this feature by updating the server group configuration of their respective worker groups. Worker groups that are already configured with server groups can update their setting to change the policy used, or remove it altogether at any time.

Users must be aware that any change to the server group settings will result in a rolling deployment of new nodes for the affected worker group.

Please note the following restrictions when deploying workers with server groups:

The serverGroup section is optional, but if it is included in the worker configuration, it must contain a valid policy value.
The available policy values that can be used, are defined in the provider specific section of CloudProfile by your operator.
Certain policy values may induce further constraints. Using the affinity policy is only allowed when the worker group utilizes a single zone.

MachineLabels

The machineLabels section in the worker group configuration allows to specify additional machine labels. These labels are added to the machine instances only, but not to the node object. Additionally, they have an optional triggerRollingOnUpdate field. If it is set to true, changing the label value will trigger a rolling of all machines of this worker pool.

Node Templates

Node templates allow users to override the capacity of the nodes as defined by the server flavor specified in the CloudProfile’s machineTypes. This is useful for certain dynamic scenarios as it allows users to customize cluster-autoscaler’s behavior for these workergroup with their provided values.

Example `Shoot` manifest (one availability zone)

Please find below an example Shoot manifest for one availability zone:

apiVersion: core.gardener.cloud/v1beta1
kind: Shoot
metadata:
  name: johndoe-openstack
  namespace: garden-dev
spec:
  cloudProfileName: openstack
  region: europe-1
  secretBindingName: core-openstack
  provider:
    type: openstack
    infrastructureConfig:
      apiVersion: openstack.provider.extensions.gardener.cloud/v1alpha1
      kind: InfrastructureConfig
      floatingPoolName: MY-FLOATING-POOL
      networks:
        workers: 10.250.0.0/19
    controlPlaneConfig:
      apiVersion: openstack.provider.extensions.gardener.cloud/v1alpha1
      kind: ControlPlaneConfig
      loadBalancerProvider: haproxy
    workers:
    - name: worker-xoluy
      machine:
        type: medium_4_8
      minimum: 2
      maximum: 2
      zones:
      - europe-1a
  networking:
    nodes: 10.250.0.0/16
    type: calico
  kubernetes:
    version: 1.28.2
  maintenance:
    autoUpdate:
      kubernetesVersion: true
      machineImageVersion: true
  addons:
    kubernetesDashboard:
      enabled: true
    nginxIngress:
      enabled: true

CSI volume provisioners

Every OpenStack shoot cluster will be deployed with the OpenStack Cinder CSI driver. It is compatible with the legacy in-tree volume provisioner that was deprecated by the Kubernetes community and will be removed in future versions of Kubernetes. End-users might want to update their custom StorageClasses to the new cinder.csi.openstack.org provisioner.

Kubernetes Versions per Worker Pool

Shoot CA Certificate and `ServiceAccount` Signing Key Rotation

This extension supports gardener/gardener’s ShootCARotation and ShootSARotation feature gates since gardener-extension-provider-openstack@v1.26.

2 - Operating System Extensions

Gardener extension controllers for the supported operating systems

2.1 - CoreOS/FlatCar OS

Gardener extension controller for the CoreOS/FlatCar Container Linux operating system

Gardener Extension for CoreOS Container Linux

Project Gardener implements the automated management and operation of Kubernetes clusters as a service. Its main principle is to leverage Kubernetes concepts for all of its tasks.

This controller operates on the OperatingSystemConfig resource in the extensions.gardener.cloud/v1alpha1 API group. It supports CoreOS Container Linux and Flatcar Container Linux (“a friendly fork of CoreOS Container Linux”).

The controller manages those objects that are requesting CoreOS Container Linux configuration (.spec.type=coreos) or Flatcar Container Linux configuration (.spec.type=flatcar):

---
apiVersion: extensions.gardener.cloud/v1alpha1
kind: OperatingSystemConfig
metadata:
  name: pool-01-original
  namespace: default
spec:
  type: coreos
  units:
    ...
  files:
    ...

Please find a concrete example in the example folder.

After reconciliation the resulting data will be stored in a secret within the same namespace (as the config itself might contain confidential data). The name of the secret will be written into the resource’s .status field:

...
status:
  ...
  cloudConfig:
    secretRef:
      name: osc-result-pool-01-original
      namespace: default
  command: /usr/bin/coreos-cloudinit -from-file=<path>
  units:
  - docker-monitor.service
  - kubelet-monitor.service
  - kubelet.service

The secret has one data key cloud_config that stores the generation.

An example for a ControllerRegistration resource that can be used to register this controller to Gardener can be found here.

Please find more information regarding the extensibility concepts and a detailed proposal here.

How to start using or developing this extension controller locally

You can run the controller locally on your machine by executing make start. Please make sure to have the kubeconfig to the cluster you want to connect to ready in the ./dev/kubeconfig file.

Static code checks and tests can be executed by running make verify. We are using Go modules for Golang package dependency management and Ginkgo/Gomega for testing.

Feedback and Support

Feedback and contributions are always welcome. Please report bugs or suggestions as GitHub issues or join our Slack channel #gardener (please invite yourself to the Kubernetes workspace here).

Learn more!

Please find further resources about out project here:

2.1.1 - Usage

Using the CoreOS extension with Gardener as end-user

The core.gardener.cloud/v1beta1.Shoot resource declares a few fields that must be considered when this OS extension is used.

In this document we describe how this configuration looks like and under which circumstances your attention may be required.

AWS VPC settings for CoreOS workers

Gardener allows you to create CoreOS based worker nodes by:

Using a Gardener managed VPC
Reusing a VPC that already exists (VPC id specified in InfrastructureConfig]

If the second option applies to your use-case please make sure that your VPC has enabled DNS Support. Otherwise CoreOS based nodes aren’t able to join or operate in your cluster properly.

DNS settings (required):

enableDnsHostnames: true (necessary for collecting node metrics)
enableDnsSupport: true

2.2 - Garden Linux OS

Gardener extension controller for the Garden Linux operating system

Gardener Extension for Garden Linux OS

This controller operates on the OperatingSystemConfig resource in the extensions.gardener.cloud/v1alpha1 API group.

It manages those objects that are requesting…

Garden Linux OS configuration (.spec.type=gardenlinux):

---
apiVersion: extensions.gardener.cloud/v1alpha1
kind: OperatingSystemConfig
metadata:
  name: pool-01-original
  namespace: default
spec:
  type: gardenlinux
  units:
    ...
  files:
    ...

Please find a concrete example in the example folder.

MemoryOne on Garden Linux configuration (spec.type=memoryone-gardenlinux):

---
apiVersion: extensions.gardener.cloud/v1alpha1
kind: OperatingSystemConfig
metadata:
  name: pool-01-original
  namespace: default
spec:
  type: memoryone-gardenlinux
  units:
    ...
  files:
    ...
  providerConfig:
    apiVersion: memoryone-gardenlinux.os.extensions.gardener.cloud/v1alpha1
    kind: OperatingSystemConfiguration
    memoryTopology: "2"
    systemMemory: "6x"

Please find a concrete example in the example folder.

...
status:
  ...
  cloudConfig:
    secretRef:
      name: osc-result-pool-01-original
      namespace: default
  command: /usr/bin/env bash <path>
  units:
  - docker-monitor.service
  - kubelet-monitor.service
  - kubelet.service

The secret has one data key cloud_config that stores the generation.

An example for a ControllerRegistration resource that can be used to register this controller to Gardener can be found here.

The implementation of this controller is using Gardeners oscommon library for operating system configuration controllers.

Please find more information regarding the extensibility concepts and a detailed proposal here.

How to start using or developing this extension controller locally

You can run the controller locally on your machine by executing make start. Please make sure to have the kubeconfig to the cluster you want to connect to ready in the ./dev/kubeconfig file. Static code checks and tests can be executed by running make verify. We are using Go modules for Golang package dependency management and Ginkgo/Gomega for testing.

Feedback and Support

Feedback and contributions are always welcome. Please report bugs or suggestions as GitHub issues or join our Slack channel #gardener (please invite yourself to the Kubernetes workspace here).

Learn more!

Please find further resources about out project here:

2.3 - SUSE CHost OS

Gardener extension controller for the SUSE Container Host operating system (CHost)

Gardener Extension for SUSE CHost

This controller operates on the OperatingSystemConfig resource in the extensions.gardener.cloud/v1alpha1 API group. It manages those objects that are requesting SUSE Container Host configuration, i.e. suse-chost type:

---
apiVersion: extensions.gardener.cloud/v1alpha1
kind: OperatingSystemConfig
metadata:
  name: pool-01-original
  namespace: default
spec:
  type: suse-chost
  units:
    ...
  files:
    ...

Please find a concrete example in the example folder.

It is also capable of supporting the vSMP MemoryOne operating system with the memoryone-chost type. Please find more information here.

...
status:
  ...
  cloudConfig:
    secretRef:
      name: osc-result-pool-01-original
      namespace: default
  command: /usr/bin/env bash <path>
  units:
  - docker-monitor.service
  - kubelet-monitor.service
  - kubelet.service

The secret has one data key cloud_config that stores the generation.

An example for a ControllerRegistration resource that can be used to register this controller to Gardener can be found here.

This controller is implemented using the oscommon library for operating system configuration controllers.

Please find more information regarding the extensibility concepts and a detailed proposal here.

How to start using or developing this extension controller locally

Feedback and Support

Feedback and contributions are always welcome. Please report bugs or suggestions as GitHub issues or join our Slack channel #gardener (please invite yourself to the Kubernetes workspace here).

Learn more!

Please find further resources about out project here:

2.3.1 - Usage

Using the SuSE CHost extension with Gardener as end-user

The core.gardener.cloud/v1beta1.Shoot resource declares a few fields that must be considered when this OS extension is used.

In this document we describe how this configuration looks like and under which circumstances your attention may be required.

AWS VPC settings for SuSE CHost workers

Gardener allows you to create SuSE CHost based worker nodes by:

Using a Gardener managed VPC
Reusing a VPC that already exists (VPC id specified in InfrastructureConfig]

If the second option applies to your use-case please make sure that your VPC has enabled DNS Support. Otherwise SuSE CHost based nodes aren’t able to join or operate in your cluster properly.

DNS settings (required):

enableDnsHostnames: true
enableDnsSupport: true

Support for vSMP MemoryOne

This extension controller is also capable of generating user-data for the vSMP MemoryOne operating system in conjunction with SuSE CHost. It reacts on the memoryone-chost extension type. Additionally, it allows certain customizations with the following configuration:

apiVersion: memoryone-chost.os.extensions.gardener.cloud/v1alpha1
kind: OperatingSystemConfiguration
memoryTopology: "3"
systemMemory: "7x"

The memoryTopology field controls the mem_topology setting. If it’s not provided then it will default to 2.
The systemMemory field controls the system_memory setting. If it’s not provided then it defaults to 6x.

Please note that it was only e2e-tested on AWS. Additionally, you need a snapshot ID of a SuSE CHost/CHost volume (see below how to create it).

An exemplary worker pool configuration inside a Shoot resource using for the vSMP MemoryOne operating system would look as follows:

apiVersion: core.gardener.cloud/v1beta1
kind: Shoot
metadata:
  name: vsmp-memoryone
  namespace: garden-foo
spec:
  ...
  workers:
  - name: cpu-worker3
    minimum: 1
    maximum: 1
    maxSurge: 1
    maxUnavailable: 0
    machine:
      image:
        name: memoryone-chost
        version: 9.5.195
        providerConfig:
          apiVersion: memoryone-chost.os.extensions.gardener.cloud/v1alpha1
          kind: OperatingSystemConfiguration
          memoryTopology: "2"
          systemMemory: "6x"
      type: c5d.metal
    volume:
      size: 20Gi
      type: gp2
    dataVolumes:
    - name: chost
      size: 50Gi
      type: gp2
    providerConfig:
      apiVersion: aws.provider.extensions.gardener.cloud/v1alpha1
      kind: WorkerConfig
      dataVolumes:
      - name: chost
        snapshotID: snap-123456
    zones:
    - eu-central-1b

Please note that vSMP MemoryOne only works for EC2 bare-metal instance types such as M5d, R5, C5, C5d, etc. - please consult the EC2 instance types overview page and the documentation of vSMP MemoryOne to find out whether the instance type in question is eligible.

Generating an AWS snapshot ID for the CHost/CHost operating system

The following script will help to generate the snapshot ID on AWS. It runs in the region that is selected in your $HOME/.aws/config file. Consequently, if you want to generate the snapshot in multiple regions, you have to run in multiple times after configuring the respective region using aws configure.

ami="ami-1234" #Replace the ami with the intended one.
name=`aws ec2 describe-images --image-ids $ami  --query="Images[].Name" --output=text`
cur=`aws ec2 describe-snapshots --filter="Name=description,Values=snap-$name" --query="Snapshots[].Description" --output=text`
if [ -n "$cur" ]; then
  echo "AMI $name exists as snapshot $cur"
  continue
fi
echo "AMI $name ... creating private snapshot"
inst=`aws ec2 run-instances --instance-type t3.nano --image-id $ami --query 'Instances[0].InstanceId' --output=text --subnet-id subnet-1234 --tag-specifications 'ResourceType=instance,Tags=[{Key=scalemp-test,Value=scalemp-test}]'` #Replace the subnet-id with the intended one.
aws ec2 wait instance-running --instance-ids $inst
vol=`aws ec2 describe-instances --instance-ids $inst --query "Reservations[].Instances[].BlockDeviceMappings[0].Ebs.VolumeId" --output=text`
snap=`aws ec2 create-snapshot --description "snap-$name" --volume-id $vol --query='SnapshotId' --tag-specifications "ResourceType=snapshot,Tags=[{Key=Name,Value=\"$name\"}]" --output=text`
aws ec2 wait snapshot-completed --snapshot-ids $snap
aws ec2 terminate-instances --instance-id $inst > /dev/null
echo $snap

2.4 - Ubuntu OS

Gardener extension controller for the Ubuntu operating system

Gardener Extension for Ubuntu OS

This controller operates on the OperatingSystemConfig resource in the extensions.gardener.cloud/v1alpha1 API group. It manages those objects that are requesting Ubuntu OS configuration (.spec.type=ubuntu). An experimental support for Ubuntu Pro is added (.spec.type=ubuntu-pro):

---
apiVersion: extensions.gardener.cloud/v1alpha1
kind: OperatingSystemConfig
metadata:
  name: pool-01-original
  namespace: default
spec:
  type: ubuntu
  units:
    ...
  files:
    ...

Please find a concrete example in the example folder.

...
status:
  ...
  cloudConfig:
    secretRef:
      name: osc-result-pool-01-original
      namespace: default
  command: /usr/bin/env bash <path>
  units:
  - docker-monitor.service
  - kubelet-monitor.service
  - kubelet.service

The secret has one data key cloud_config that stores the generation.

An example for a ControllerRegistration resource that can be used to register this controller to Gardener can be found here.

Please find more information regarding the extensibility concepts and a detailed proposal here.

How to start using or developing this extension controller locally

Feedback and Support

Feedback and contributions are always welcome. Please report bugs or suggestions as GitHub issues or join our Slack channel #gardener (please invite yourself to the Kubernetes workspace here).

Learn more!

Please find further resources about out project here:

2.4.1 - Usage

Using the Ubuntu extension with Gardener as end-user

The core.gardener.cloud/v1beta1.Shoot resource declares a few fields that must be considered when this OS extension is used.

In this document we describe how this configuration looks like and under which circumstances your attention may be required.

AWS VPC settings for Ubuntu workers

Gardener allows you to create Ubuntu based worker nodes by:

Using a Gardener managed VPC
Reusing a VPC that already exists (VPC id specified in InfrastructureConfig]

If the second option applies to your use-case please make sure that your VPC has enabled DNS Support. Otherwise Ubuntu based nodes aren’t able to join or operate in your cluster properly.

DNS settings (required):

enableDnsHostnames: true
enableDnsSupport: true

3 - Network Extensions

Gardener extension controllers for the supported container network interfaces

3.1 - Calico CNI

Gardener extension controller for the Calico CNI network plugin

Gardener Extension for Calico Networking

This controller operates on the Network resource in the extensions.gardener.cloud/v1alpha1 API group. It manages those objects that are requesting Calico Networking configuration (.spec.type=calico):

---
apiVersion: extensions.gardener.cloud/v1alpha1
kind: Network
metadata:
  name: calico-network
  namespace: shoot--core--test-01
spec:
  type: calico
  clusterCIDR: 192.168.0.0/24
  serviceCIDR:  10.96.0.0/24
  providerConfig:
    apiVersion: calico.networking.extensions.gardener.cloud/v1alpha1
    kind: NetworkConfig
    overlay:
      enabled: false

Please find a concrete example in the example folder. All the Calico specific configuration should be configured in the providerConfig section. If additional configuration is required, it should be added to the networking-calico chart in controllers/networking-calico/charts/internal/calico/values.yaml and corresponding code parts should be adapted (for example in controllers/networking-calico/pkg/charts/utils.go).

Once the network resource is applied, the networking-calico controller would then create all the necessary managed-resources which should be picked up by the gardener-resource-manager which will then apply all the network extensions resources to the shoot cluster.

Finally after successful reconciliation an output similar to the one below should be expected.

  status:
    lastOperation:
      description: Successfully reconciled network
      lastUpdateTime: "..."
      progress: 100
      state: Succeeded
      type: Reconcile
    observedGeneration: 1
    providerStatus:
      apiVersion: calico.networking.extensions.gardener.cloud/v1alpha1
      kind: NetworkStatus

Compatibility

The following table lists known compatibility issues of this extension controller with other Gardener components.

Calico Extension	Gardener	Action	Notes
`>= v1.30.0`	`< v1.63.0`	Please first update Gardener components to `>= v1.63.0`.	Without the mentioned minimum Gardener version, Calico `Pod`s are not only scheduled to dedicated system component nodes in the shoot cluster.

How to start using or developing this extension controller locally

You can run the controller locally on your machine by executing make start. Please make sure to have the kubeconfig pointed to the cluster you want to connect to. Static code checks and tests can be executed by running make verify. We are using Go modules for Golang package dependency management and Ginkgo/Gomega for testing.

Feedback and Support

Feedback and contributions are always welcome. Please report bugs or suggestions as GitHub issues or join our Slack channel #gardener (please invite yourself to the Kubernetes workspace here).

Learn more!

Please find further resources about out project here:

3.1.1 - Deployment

Deployment of the networking Calico extension

Disclaimer: This document is NOT a step by step deployment guide for the networking Calico extension and only contains some configuration specifics regarding the deployment of different components via the helm charts residing in the networking Calico extension repository.

gardener-extension-admission-calico

Authentication against the Garden cluster

There are several authentication possibilities depending on whether or not the concept of Virtual Garden is used.

Virtual Garden is not used, i.e., the `runtime` Garden cluster is also the `target` Garden cluster.

Automounted Service Account Token

The easiest way to deploy the gardener-extension-admission-calico component will be to not provide kubeconfig at all. This way in-cluster configuration and an automounted service account token will be used. The drawback of this approach is that the automounted token will not be automatically rotated.

Service Account Token Volume Projection

Another solution will be to use Service Account Token Volume Projection combined with a kubeconfig referencing a token file (see example below).

apiVersion: v1
kind: Config
clusters:
- cluster:
    certificate-authority-data: <CA-DATA>
    server: https://default.kubernetes.svc.cluster.local
  name: garden
contexts:
- context:
    cluster: garden
    user: garden
  name: garden
current-context: garden
users:
- name: garden
  user:
    tokenFile: /var/run/secrets/projected/serviceaccount/token

Virtual Garden is used, i.e., the `runtime` Garden cluster is different from the `target` Garden cluster.

Service Account

The easiest way to setup the authentication will be to create a service account and the respective roles will be bound to this service account in the target cluster. Then use the generated service account token and craft a kubeconfig which will be used by the workload in the runtime cluster. This approach does not provide a solution for the rotation of the service account token. However, this setup can be achieved by setting .Values.global.virtualGarden.enabled: true and following these steps:

Deploy the application part of the charts in the target cluster.
Get the service account token and craft the kubeconfig.
Set the crafted kubeconfig and deploy the runtime part of the charts in the runtime cluster.

Client Certificate

Another solution will be to bind the roles in the target cluster to a User subject instead of a service account and use a client certificate for authentication. This approach does not provide a solution for the client certificate rotation. However, this setup can be achieved by setting both .Values.global.virtualGarden.enabled: true and .Values.global.virtualGarden.user.name, then following these steps:

Generate a client certificate for the target cluster for the respective user.
Deploy the application part of the charts in the target cluster.
Craft a kubeconfig using the already generated client certificate.
Set the crafted kubeconfig and deploy the runtime part of the charts in the runtime cluster.

Projected Service Account Token

This approach requires an already deployed and configured oidc-webhook-authenticator for the target cluster. Also the runtime cluster should be registered as a trusted identity provider in the target cluster. Then projected service accounts tokens from the runtime cluster can be used to authenticate against the target cluster. The needed steps are as follows:

Deploy OWA and establish the needed trust.
Set .Values.global.virtualGarden.enabled: true and .Values.global.virtualGarden.user.name. Note: username value will depend on the trust configuration, e.g., <prefix>:system:serviceaccount:<namespace>:<serviceaccount>
Set .Values.global.serviceAccountTokenVolumeProjection.enabled: true and .Values.global.serviceAccountTokenVolumeProjection.audience. Note: audience value will depend on the trust configuration, e.g., <cliend-id-from-trust-config>.
Craft a kubeconfig (see example below).
Deploy the application part of the charts in the target cluster.
Deploy the runtime part of the charts in the runtime cluster.

apiVersion: v1
kind: Config
clusters:
- cluster:
    certificate-authority-data: <CA-DATA>
    server: https://virtual-garden.api
  name: virtual-garden
contexts:
- context:
    cluster: virtual-garden
    user: virtual-garden
  name: virtual-garden
current-context: virtual-garden
users:
- name: virtual-garden
  user:
    tokenFile: /var/run/secrets/projected/serviceaccount/token

3.1.2 - Operations

Using the Calico networking extension with Gardener as operator

This document explains configuration options supported by the networking-calico extension.

Run calico-node in non-privileged and non-root mode

Feature State: Alpha

Motivation

Running containers in privileged mode is not recommended as privileged containers run with all linux capabilities enabled and can access the host’s resources. Running containers in privileged mode opens number of security threats such as breakout to underlying host OS.

Support for non-privileged and non-root mode

The Calico project has a preliminary support for running the calico-node component in non-privileged mode (see this guide). Similar to Tigera Calico operator the networking-calico extension can also run calico-node in non-privileged and non-root mode. This feature is controller via feature gate named NonPrivilegedCalicoNode. The feature gates are configured in the ControllerConfiguration of networking-calico. The corresponding ControllerDeployment configuration that enables the NonPrivilegedCalicoNode would look like:

apiVersion: core.gardener.cloud/v1beta1
kind: ControllerDeployment
metadata:
  name: networking-calico
type: helm
providerConfig:
  values:
    chart: <omitted>
    config:
      featureGates:
        NonPrivilegedCalicoNode: false

Limitations

The support for the non-privileged mode in the Calico project is not ready for productive usage. The upstream documentation states that in non-privileged mode the support for features added after Calico v3.21 is not guaranteed.
Calico in non-privileged mode does not support eBPF dataplane. That’s why when eBPF dataplane is enabled, calico-node has to run in privileged mode (even when the NonPrivilegedCalicoNode feature gate is enabled).
(At the time of writing this guide) there is the following issue projectcalico/calico#5348 that is not addressed.
(At the time of writing this guide) the upstream adoptions seems to be low. The Calico charts and manifest in projectcalico/calico run calico-node in privileged mode.

3.1.3 - Shoot Overlay Network

Enable / disable overlay network for shoots with Calico

Gardener can be used with or without the overlay network.

Starting versions:

The default configuration of shoot clusters is without overlay network.

Understanding overlay network

The Overlay networking permits the routing of packets between multiples pods located on multiple nodes, even if the pod and the node network are not the same.

This is done through the encapsulation of pod packets in the node network so that the routing can be done as usual. We use ipip encapsulation with calico in case the overlay network is enabled. This (simply put) sends an IP packet as workload in another IP packet.

In order to simplify the troubleshooting of problems and reduce the latency of packets traveling between nodes, the overlay network is disabled by default as stated above for all new clusters.

This means that the routing is done directly through the VPC routing table. Basically, when a new node is created, it is assigned a slice (usually a /24) of the pod network. All future pods in that node are going to be in this slice. Then, the cloud-controller-manager updates the cloud provider router to add the new route (all packets within the network slice as destination should go to that node).

This has the advantage of:

Doing less work for the node as encapsulation takes some CPU cycles.
The maximum transmission unit (MTU) is slightly bigger resulting in slightly better performance, i.e. potentially more workload bytes per packet.
More direct and simpler setup, which makes the problems much easier to troubleshoot.

In the case where multiple shoots are in the same VPC and the overlay network is disabled, if the pod’s network is not configured properly, there is a very strong chance that some pod IP address might overlap, which is going to cause all sorts of funny problems. So, if someone asks you how to avoid that, they need to make sure that the podCIDRs for each shoot do not overlap with each other.

Enabling the overlay network

In certain cases, the overlay network might be preferable if, for example, the customer wants to create multiple clusters in the same VPC without ensuring there’s no overlap between the pod networks.

To enable the overlay network, add the following to the shoot’s YAML:

apiVersion: core.gardener.cloud/v1beta1
kind: Shoot
metadata:
...
spec:
...
  networking:
    type: calico
    providerConfig:
      apiVersion: calico.networking.extensions.gardener.cloud/v1alpha1
      kind: NetworkConfig
      overlay:
        enabled: true
  ...

Disabling the overlay network

Inversely, here is how to disable the overlay network:

apiVersion: core.gardener.cloud/v1beta1
kind: Shoot
metadata:
...
spec:
...
  networking:
    type: calico
    providerConfig:
      apiVersion: calico.networking.extensions.gardener.cloud/v1alpha1
      kind: NetworkConfig
      overlay:
        enabled: false
  ...

How to know if a cluster is using overlay or not?

You can look at any of the old nodes. If there are tunl0 devices at least at some point in time the overlay network was used. Another way is to look into the Network object in the shoot’s control plane namespace on the seed (see example above).

Do we have some documentation somewhere on how to do the migration?

No, not yet. The migration from no overlay to overlay is fairly simply by just setting the configuration as specified above. The other way is more complicated as the Network configuration needs to be changed AND the local routes need to be cleaned. Unfortunately, the change will be rolled out slowly (one calico-node at a time). Hence, it implies some network outages during the migration.

AWS implementation

On AWS, it is not possible to use the cloud-controller-manager for managing the routes as it does not support multiple route tables, which Gardener creates. Therefore, a custom controller is created to manage the routes.

3.1.4 - Usage

Using the Networking Calico extension with Gardener as end-user

The core.gardener.cloud/v1beta1.Shoot resource declares a networking field that is meant to contain network-specific configuration.

In this document we are describing how this configuration looks like for Calico and provide an example Shoot manifest with minimal configuration that you can use to create a cluster.

Calico Typha

Calico Typha is an optional component of Project Calico designed to offload the Kubernetes API server. The Typha daemon sits between the datastore (such as the Kubernetes API server which is the one used by Gardener managed Kubernetes) and many instances of Felix. Typha’s main purpose is to increase scale by reducing each node’s impact on the datastore. You can opt-out Typha via .spec.networking.providerConfig.typha.enabled=false of your Shoot manifest. By default the Typha is enabled.

EBPF Dataplane

Calico can be run in ebpf dataplane mode. This has several benefits, calico scales to higher troughput, uses less cpu per GBit and has native support for kubernetes services (without needing kube-proxy). To switch to a pure ebpf dataplane it is recommended to run without an overlay network. The following configuration can be used to run without an overlay and without kube-proxy.

An example ebpf dataplane NetworkingConfig manifest:

apiVersion: calico.networking.extensions.gardener.cloud/v1alpha1
kind: NetworkConfig
ebpfDataplane:
  enabled: true
overlay:
  enabled: false

To disable kube-proxy set the enabled field to false in the shoot manifest.

apiVersion: core.gardener.cloud/v1beta1
kind: Shoot
metadata:
  name: ebpf-shoot
  namespace: garden-dev
spec:
  kubernetes:
    kubeProxy:
      enabled: false

Know limitations of the EBPF Dataplane

Please note that the default settings for calico’s ebpf dataplane may interfere with accelerated networking in azure rendering nodes with accelerated networking unusable in the network. The reason for this is that calico does not ignore the accelerated networking interface enP... as it should, but applies its ebpf programs to it. A simple mitigation for this is to adapt the FelixConfiguration default and ensure that the bpfDataIfacePattern does not include enP.... Per default bpfDataIfacePattern is not set. The default value for this option can be found here. For example, you could apply the following change:

$ kubectl edit felixconfiguration default
...
apiVersion: crd.projectcalico.org/v1
kind: FelixConfiguration
metadata:
  ...
  name: default
  ...
spec:
  bpfDataIfacePattern: ^((en|wl|ww|sl|ib)[opsx].*|(eth|wlan|wwan).*|tunl0$|vxlan.calico$|wireguard.cali$|wg-v6.cali$)
  ...

AutoScaling

Autoscaling defines how the calico components are automatically scaled. It allows to use either vertical pod or cluster-proportional autoscaler (default: cluster-proportional).

The cluster-proportional autoscaling mode is preferable when conditions require minimimal disturbances and vpa mode for improved cluster resource utilization.

Please note VPA must be enabled on the shoot as a pre-requisite to enabling vpa mode.

An example AutoScaling NetworkingConfig manifest:

apiVersion: calico.networking.extensions.gardener.cloud/v1alpha1
kind: NetworkConfig
autoScaling:
  mode: "vpa"

Example `NetworkingConfig` manifest

An example NetworkingConfig for the Calico extension looks as follows:

apiVersion: calico.networking.extensions.gardener.cloud/v1alpha1
kind: NetworkConfig
ipam:
  type: host-local
  cidr: usePodCIDR
vethMTU: 1440
typha:
  enabled: true
overlay:
  enabled: true
autoScaling:
  mode: "vpa"

Example `Shoot` manifest

Please find below an example Shoot manifest with calico networking configratations:

apiVersion: core.gardener.cloud/v1beta1
kind: Shoot
metadata:
  name: johndoe-azure
  namespace: garden-dev
spec:
  cloudProfileName: azure
  region: westeurope
  secretBindingName: core-azure
  provider:
    type: azure
    infrastructureConfig:
      apiVersion: azure.provider.extensions.gardener.cloud/v1alpha1
      kind: InfrastructureConfig
      networks:
        vnet:
          cidr: 10.250.0.0/16
        workers: 10.250.0.0/19
      zoned: true
    controlPlaneConfig:
      apiVersion: azure.provider.extensions.gardener.cloud/v1alpha1
      kind: ControlPlaneConfig
    workers:
    - name: worker-xoluy
      machine:
        type: Standard_D4_v3
      minimum: 2
      maximum: 2
      volume:
        size: 50Gi
        type: Standard_LRS
      zones:
      - "1"
      - "2"
  networking:
    type: calico
    nodes: 10.250.0.0/16
    providerConfig:
      apiVersion: calico.networking.extensions.gardener.cloud/v1alpha1
      kind: NetworkConfig
      ipam:
        type: host-local
      vethMTU: 1440
      overlay:
        enabled: true
      typha:
        enabled: false
  kubernetes:
    version: 1.28.3
  maintenance:
    autoUpdate:
      kubernetesVersion: true
      machineImageVersion: true
  addons:
    kubernetesDashboard:
      enabled: true
    nginxIngress:
      enabled: true

Known Limitations in conjunction with `NodeLocalDNS`

If NodeLocalDNS is active in a shoot cluster, which uses calico as CNI without overlay network, it may be impossible to block DNS traffic to the cluster DNS server via network policy. This is due to FELIX_CHAININSERTMODE being set to APPEND instead of INSERT in case SNAT is being applied to requests to the infrastructure DNS server. In this scenario the iptables rules of NodeLocalDNS already accept the traffic before the network policies are checked.

This only applies to traffic directed to NodeLocalDNS. If blocking of all DNS traffic is desired via network policy the pod dnsPolicy should be changed to Default so that the cluster DNS is not used. Alternatives are usage of overlay network or disabling of NodeLocalDNS.

3.2 - Cilium CNI

Gardener extension controller for the Cilium CNI network plugin

Gardener Extension for cilium Networking

This controller operates on the Network resource in the extensions.gardener.cloud/v1alpha1 API group. It manages those objects that are requesting cilium Networking configuration (.spec.type=cilium):

apiVersion: extensions.gardener.cloud/v1alpha1
kind: Network
metadata:
  name: cilium-network
  namespace: shoot--foo--bar
spec:
  type: cilium
  podCIDR: 10.244.0.0/16
  serviceCIDR:  10.96.0.0/24
  providerConfig:
    apiVersion: cilium.networking.extensions.gardener.cloud/v1alpha1
    kind: NetworkConfig
#    hubble:
#      enabled: true
#    store: kubernetes

Please find a concrete example in the example folder. All the cilium specific configuration should be configured in the providerConfig section. If additional configuration is required, it should be added to the networking-cilium chart in controllers/networking-cilium/charts/internal/cilium/values.yaml and corresponding code parts should be adapted (for example in controllers/networking-cilium/pkg/charts/utils.go).

Once the network resource is applied, the networking-cilium controller would then create all the necessary managed-resources which should be picked up by the gardener-resource-manager which will then apply all the network extensions resources to the shoot cluster.

Finally after successful reconciliation an output similar to the one below should be expected.

  status:
    lastOperation:
      description: Successfully reconciled network
      lastUpdateTime: "..."
      progress: 100
      state: Succeeded
      type: Reconcile
    observedGeneration: 1

How to start using or developing this extension controller locally

Feedback and Support

Feedback and contributions are always welcome. Please report bugs or suggestions as GitHub issues or join our Slack channel #gardener (please invite yourself to the Kubernetes workspace here).

Learn more!

Please find further resources about out project here:

3.2.1 - Usage

Using the Networking Cilium extension with Gardener as end-user

The core.gardener.cloud/v1beta1.Shoot resource declares a networking field that is meant to contain network-specific configuration.

In this document we are describing how this configuration looks like for Cilium and provide an example Shoot manifest with minimal configuration that you can use to create a cluster.

Cilium Hubble

Hubble is a fully distributed networking and security observability platform build on top of Cilium and BPF. It is optional and is deployed to the cluster when enabled in the NetworkConfig. If the dashboard is not externally exposed

kubectl port-forward -n kube-system deployment/hubble-ui 8081

can be used to acess it locally.

Example `NetworkingConfig` manifest

An example NetworkingConfig for the Cilium extension looks as follows:

apiVersion: cilium.networking.extensions.gardener.cloud/v1alpha1
kind: NetworkConfig
hubble:
  enabled: true
#debug: false
#tunnel: vxlan
#store: kubernetes

`NetworkingConfig` options

The hubble.enabled field describes whether hubble should be deployed into the cluster or not (default).

The debug field describes whether you want to run cilium in debug mode or not (default), change this value to true to use debug mode.

The tunnel field describes the encapsulation mode for communication between nodes. Possible values are vxlan (default), geneve or disabled.

The bpfSocketLBHostnsOnly.enabled field describes whether socket LB will be skipped for services when inside a pod namespace (default), in favor of service LB at the pod interface. Socket LB is still used when in the host namespace. This feature is required when using cilium with a service mesh like istio or linkerd.

Setting the field cni.exclusive to false might be useful when additional plugins, such as Istio or Linkerd, wish to chain after Cilium. This action disables the default behavior of Cilium, which is to overwrite changes to the CNI configuration file.

The egressGateway.enabled field describes whether egress gateways are enabled or not (default). To use this feature kube-proxy must be disabled. This can be done with the following configuration in the Shoot:

spec:
  kubernetes:
    kubeProxy:
      enabled: false

The egress gateway feature is only supported in gardener with an overlay network (shoot.spec.networking.providerConfig.overlay.enabled: true) at the moment. This is due to the reason that bpf masquerading is required for the egress gateway feature. Once the overlay network is enabled bpf.masquerade is set to true in the cilium configmap.

The snatToUpstreamDNS.enabled field describes whether the traffic to the upstream dns server should be masqueraded or not (default). This is needed on some infrastructures where traffic to the dns server with the pod CIDR range is blocked.

Example `Shoot` manifest

Please find below an example Shoot manifest with cilium networking configuration:

apiVersion: core.gardener.cloud/v1beta1
kind: Shoot
metadata:
  name: aws-cilium
  namespace: garden-dev
spec:
  networking:
    type: cilium
    providerConfig:
      apiVersion: cilium.networking.extensions.gardener.cloud/v1alpha1
      kind: NetworkConfig
      hubble:
        enabled: true
    pods: 100.96.0.0/11
    nodes: 10.250.0.0/16
    services: 100.64.0.0/13
  ...

If you would like to see a provider specific shoot example, please check out the documentation of the well-known extensions. A list of them can be found here.

4 - Container Runtime Extensions

Gardener extensions for the supported container runtime interfaces

4.1 - GVisor container runtime

Gardener extension controller for the gVisor container runtime sandbox

Gardener Extension for the gVisor Container Runtime Sandbox

Project Gardener implements the automated management and operation of Kubernetes clusters as a service. Its main principle is to leverage Kubernetes concepts for all of its tasks.

How to start using or developing this extension controller locally

You can run the controller locally on your machine by executing make start. Please make sure to have the kubeconfig to the cluster you want to connect to ready in the ./dev/kubeconfig file.

Static code checks and tests can be executed by running make verify. We are using Go modules for Golang package dependency management and Ginkgo/Gomega for testing.

Feedback and Support

Feedback and contributions are always welcome. Please report bugs or suggestions as GitHub issues or join our Slack channel #gardener (please invite yourself to the Kubernetes workspace here).

Learn more!

Please find further resources about out project here:

5 - Others

Other Gardener extensions

5.1 - Certificate services

Gardener extension controller for certificate services for shoot clusters

Gardener Extension for certificate services

Project Gardener implements the automated management and operation of Kubernetes clusters as a service. Its main principle is to leverage Kubernetes concepts for all of its tasks.

Configuration

Example configuration for this extension controller:

apiVersion: shoot-cert-service.extensions.config.gardener.cloud/v1alpha1
kind: Configuration
issuerName: gardener
restrictIssuer: true # restrict issuer to any sub-domain of shoot.spec.dns.domain (default)
acme:
  email: john.doe@example.com
  server: https://acme-v02.api.letsencrypt.org/directory
# privateKey: | # Optional key for Let's Encrypt account.
#   -----BEGIN BEGIN RSA PRIVATE KEY-----
#   ...
#   -----END RSA PRIVATE KEY-----

Extension-Resources

Example extension resource:

apiVersion: extensions.gardener.cloud/v1alpha1
kind: Extension
metadata:
  name: "extension-certificate-service"
  namespace: shoot--project--abc
spec:
  type: shoot-cert-service

When an extension resource is reconciled, the extension controller will create an instance of Cert-Management as well as an Issuer with the ACME information provided in the configuration above. These resources are placed inside the shoot namespace on the seed. Also, the controller takes care about generating necessary RBAC resources for the seed as well as for the shoot.

Please note, this extension controller relies on the Gardener-Resource-Manager to deploy k8s resources to seed and shoot clusters, i.e. it never deploys them directly.

How to start using or developing this extension controller locally

Feedback and Support

Feedback and contributions are always welcome. Please report bugs or suggestions as GitHub issues or join our Slack channel #gardener (please invite yourself to the Kubernetes workspace here).

Learn more!

Please find further resources about out project here:

5.1.1 - Changing alerting settings

How to change the alerting on expiring certificates

Changing alerting settings

Certificates are normally renewed automatically 30 days before they expire. As a second line of defense, there is an alerting in Prometheus activated if the certificate is a few days before expiration. By default, the alert is triggered 15 days before expiration.

You can configure the days in the providerConfig of the extension. Setting it to 0 disables the alerting.

In this example, the days are changed to 3 days before expiration.

kind: Shoot
...
spec:
  extensions:
  - type: shoot-cert-service
    providerConfig:
      apiVersion: service.cert.extensions.gardener.cloud/v1alpha1
      kind: CertConfig
      alerting:
        certExpirationAlertDays: 3

5.1.2 - Manage certificates with Gardener for default domain

Use the Gardener cert-management to get fully managed, publicly trusted TLS certificates

Manage certificates with Gardener for default domain

Introduction

Dealing with applications on Kubernetes which offer a secure service endpoints (e.g. HTTPS) also require you to enable a secured communication via SSL/TLS. With the certificate extension enabled, Gardener can manage commonly trusted X.509 certificate for your application endpoint. From initially requesting certificate, it also handeles their renewal in time using the free Let’s Encrypt API.

There are two senarios with which you can use the certificate extension

You want to use a certificate for a subdomain the shoot’s default DNS (see .spec.dns.domain of your shoot resource, e.g. short.ingress.shoot.project.default-domain.gardener.cloud). If this is your case, please keep reading this article.
You want to use a certificate for a custom domain. If this is your case, please see Manage certificates with Gardener for public domain

Prerequisites

Before you start this guide there are a few requirements you need to fulfill:

You have an existing shoot cluster

Since you are using the default DNS name, all DNS configuration should already be done and ready.

Issue a certificate

Every X.509 certificate is represented by a Kubernetes custom resource certificate.cert.gardener.cloud in your cluster. A Certificate resource may be used to initiate a new certificate request as well as to manage its lifecycle. Gardener’s certificate service regularly checks the expiration timestamp of Certificates, triggers a renewal process if necessary and replaces the existing X.509 certificate with a new one.

Your application should be able to reload replaced certificates in a timely manner to avoid service disruptions.

Certificates can be requested via 3 resources type

Ingress
Service (type LoadBalancer)
certificate (Gardener CRD)

If either of the first 2 are used, a corresponding Certificate resource will automatically be created.

Using an ingress Resource

apiVersion: networking.k8s.io/v1
kind: Ingress
metadata:
  name: amazing-ingress
  annotations:
    cert.gardener.cloud/purpose: managed
    #cert.gardener.cloud/issuer: custom-issuer                    # optional to specify custom issuer (use namespace/name for shoot issuers)
    #cert.gardener.cloud/follow-cname: "true"                     # optional, same as spec.followCNAME in certificates
    #cert.gardener.cloud/secret-labels: "key1=value1,key2=value2" # optional labels for the certificate secret
    #cert.gardener.cloud/preferred-chain: "chain name"            # optional to specify preferred-chain (value is the Subject Common Name of the root issuer)
    #cert.gardener.cloud/private-key-algorithm: ECDSA             # optional to specify algorithm for private key, allowed values are 'RSA' or 'ECDSA'
    #cert.gardener.cloud/private-key-size: "384"                  # optional to specify size of private key, allowed values for RSA are "2048", "3072", "4096" and for ECDSA "256" and "384"spec:
  tls:
  - hosts:
    # Must not exceed 64 characters.
    - short.ingress.shoot.project.default-domain.gardener.cloud
    # Certificate and private key reside in this secret.
    secretName: tls-secret
  rules:
  - host: short.ingress.shoot.project.default-domain.gardener.cloud
    http:
      paths:
      - pathType: Prefix
        path: "/"
        backend:
          service:
            name: amazing-svc
            port:
              number: 8080

Using a service type LoadBalancer

apiVersion: v1
kind: Service
metadata:
  annotations:
    cert.gardener.cloud/purpose: managed
    # Certificate and private key reside in this secret.
    cert.gardener.cloud/secretname: tls-secret
    # You may add more domains separated by commas (e.g. "service.shoot.project.default-domain.gardener.cloud, amazing.shoot.project.default-domain.gardener.cloud")
    dns.gardener.cloud/dnsnames: "service.shoot.project.default-domain.gardener.cloud" 
    dns.gardener.cloud/ttl: "600"
    #cert.gardener.cloud/issuer: custom-issuer                    # optional to specify custom issuer (use namespace/name for shoot issuers)
    #cert.gardener.cloud/follow-cname: "true"                     # optional, same as spec.followCNAME in certificates
    #cert.gardener.cloud/secret-labels: "key1=value1,key2=value2" # optional labels for the certificate secret
    #cert.gardener.cloud/preferred-chain: "chain name"            # optional to specify preferred-chain (value is the Subject Common Name of the root issuer)
    #cert.gardener.cloud/private-key-algorithm: ECDSA             # optional to specify algorithm for private key, allowed values are 'RSA' or 'ECDSA'
    #cert.gardener.cloud/private-key-size: "384"                  # optional to specify size of private key, allowed values for RSA are "2048", "3072", "4096" and for ECDSA "256" and "384"  name: test-service
  namespace: default
spec:
  ports:
    - name: http
      port: 80
      protocol: TCP
      targetPort: 8080
  type: LoadBalancer

Using the custom Certificate resource

apiVersion: cert.gardener.cloud/v1alpha1
kind: Certificate
metadata:
  name: cert-example
  namespace: default
spec:
  commonName: short.ingress.shoot.project.default-domain.gardener.cloud
  secretRef:
    name: tls-secret
    namespace: default
  # Optionnal if using the default issuer
  issuerRef:
    name: garden

If you’re interested in the current progress of your request, you’re advised to consult the description, more specifically the status attribute in case the issuance failed.

Request a wildcard certificate

In order to avoid the creation of multiples certificates for every single endpoints, you may want to create a wildcard certificate for your shoot’s default cluster.

apiVersion: networking.k8s.io/v1
kind: Ingress
metadata:
  name: amazing-ingress
  annotations:
    cert.gardener.cloud/purpose: managed
    cert.gardener.cloud/commonName: "*.ingress.shoot.project.default-domain.gardener.cloud"
spec:
  tls:
  - hosts:
    - amazing.ingress.shoot.project.default-domain.gardener.cloud
    secretName: tls-secret
  rules:
  - host: amazing.ingress.shoot.project.default-domain.gardener.cloud
    http:
      paths:
      - pathType: Prefix
        path: "/"
        backend:
          service:
            name: amazing-svc
            port:
              number: 8080

Please note that this can also be achived by directly adding an annotation to a Service type LoadBalancer. You could also create a Certificate object with a wildcard domain.

More information

For more information and more examples about using the certificate extension, please see Manage certificates with Gardener for public domain

5.1.3 - Manage certificates with Gardener for public domain

Use the Gardener cert-management to get fully managed, publicly trusted TLS certificates

Manage certificates with Gardener for public domain

Introduction

There are two senarios with which you can use the certificate extension

You want to use a certificate for a subdomain the shoot’s default DNS (see .spec.dns.domain of your shoot resource, e.g. short.ingress.shoot.project.default-domain.gardener.cloud). If this is your case, please see Manage certificates with Gardener for default domain
You want to use a certificate for a custom domain. If this is your case, please keep reading this article.

Prerequisites

Before you start this guide there are a few requirements you need to fulfill:

You have an existing shoot cluster
Your custom domain is under a public top level domain (e.g. .com)
Your custom zone is resolvable with a public resolver via the internet (e.g. 8.8.8.8)
You have a custom DNS provider configured and working (see “DNS Providers”)

As part of the Let’s Encrypt ACME challenge validation process, Gardener sets a DNS TXT entry and Let’s Encrypt checks if it can both resolve and authenticate it. Therefore, it’s important that your DNS-entries are publicly resolvable. You can check this by querying e.g. Googles public DNS server and if it returns an entry your DNS is publicly visible:

# returns the A record for cert-example.example.com using Googles DNS server (8.8.8.8)
dig cert-example.example.com @8.8.8.8 A

DNS provider

In order to issue certificates for a custom domain you need to specify a DNS provider which is permitted to create DNS records for subdomains of your requested domain in the certificate. For example, if you request a certificate for host.example.com your DNS provider must be capable of managing subdomains of host.example.com.

DNS providers are normally specified in the shoot manifest. To learn more on how to configure one, please see the DNS provider documentation.

Issue a certificate

Your application should be able to reload replaced certificates in a timely manner to avoid service disruptions.

Certificates can be requested via 3 resources type

Ingress
Service (type LoadBalancer)
Certificate (Gardener CRD)

If either of the first 2 are used, a corresponding Certificate resource will be created automatically.

Using an ingress Resource

apiVersion: networking.k8s.io/v1
kind: Ingress
metadata:
  name: amazing-ingress
  annotations:
    cert.gardener.cloud/purpose: managed
    # Optional but recommended, this is going to create the DNS entry at the same time
    dns.gardener.cloud/class: garden
    dns.gardener.cloud/ttl: "600"
    #cert.gardener.cloud/commonname: "*.example.com"              # optional, if not specified the first name from spec.tls[].hosts is used as common name
    #cert.gardener.cloud/dnsnames: ""                             # optional, if not specified the names from spec.tls[].hosts are used
    #cert.gardener.cloud/follow-cname: "true"                     # optional, same as spec.followCNAME in certificates
    #cert.gardener.cloud/secret-labels: "key1=value1,key2=value2" # optional labels for the certificate secret
    #cert.gardener.cloud/issuer: custom-issuer                    # optional to specify custom issuer (use namespace/name for shoot issuers)
    #cert.gardener.cloud/preferred-chain: "chain name"            # optional to specify preferred-chain (value is the Subject Common Name of the root issuer)
    #cert.gardener.cloud/private-key-algorithm: ECDSA             # optional to specify algorithm for private key, allowed values are 'RSA' or 'ECDSA'
    #cert.gardener.cloud/private-key-size: "384"                  # optional to specify size of private key, allowed values for RSA are "2048", "3072", "4096" and for ECDSA "256" and "384"

spec:
  tls:
  - hosts:
    # Must not exceed 64 characters.
    - amazing.example.com
    # Certificate and private key reside in this secret.
    secretName: tls-secret
  rules:
  - host: amazing.example.com
    http:
      paths:
      - pathType: Prefix
        path: "/"
        backend:
          service:
            name: amazing-svc
            port:
              number: 8080

Replace the hosts and rules[].host value again with your own domain and adjust the remaining Ingress attributes in accordance with your deployment (e.g. the above is for an istio Ingress controller and forwards traffic to a service1 on port 80).

Using a service type LoadBalancer

apiVersion: v1
kind: Service
metadata:
  annotations:
    cert.gardener.cloud/secretname: tls-secret
    dns.gardener.cloud/dnsnames: example.example.com
    dns.gardener.cloud/class: garden
    # Optional
    dns.gardener.cloud/ttl: "600"
    cert.gardener.cloud/commonname: "*.example.example.com"
    cert.gardener.cloud/dnsnames: ""
    #cert.gardener.cloud/follow-cname: "true"                     # optional, same as spec.followCNAME in certificates
    #cert.gardener.cloud/secret-labels: "key1=value1,key2=value2" # optional labels for the certificate secret
    #cert.gardener.cloud/issuer: custom-issuer                    # optional to specify custom issuer (use namespace/name for shoot issuers)
    #cert.gardener.cloud/preferred-chain: "chain name"            # optional to specify preferred-chain (value is the Subject Common Name of the root issuer)
    #cert.gardener.cloud/private-key-algorithm: ECDSA             # optional to specify algorithm for private key, allowed values are 'RSA' or 'ECDSA'
    #cert.gardener.cloud/private-key-size: "384"                  # optional to specify size of private key, allowed values for RSA are "2048", "3072", "4096" and for ECDSA "256" and "384"
    
  name: test-service
  namespace: default
spec:
  ports:
    - name: http
      port: 80
      protocol: TCP
      targetPort: 8080
  type: LoadBalancer

Using the custom Certificate resource

apiVersion: cert.gardener.cloud/v1alpha1
kind: Certificate
metadata:
  name: cert-example
  namespace: default
spec:
  commonName: amazing.example.com
  secretRef:
    name: tls-secret
    namespace: default
  # Optionnal if using the default issuer
  issuerRef:
    name: garden

  # If delegated domain for DNS01 challenge should be used. This has only an effect if a CNAME record is set for
  # '_acme-challenge.amazing.example.com'.
  # For example: If a CNAME record exists '_acme-challenge.amazing.example.com' => '_acme-challenge.writable.domain.com',
  # the DNS challenge will be written to '_acme-challenge.writable.domain.com'.
  #followCNAME: true

  # optionally set labels for the secret
  #secretLabels:
  #  key1: value1
  #  key2: value2

  # Optionally specify the preferred certificate chain: if the CA offers multiple certificate chains, prefer the chain with an issuer matching this Subject Common Name. If no match, the default offered chain will be used.
  #preferredChain: "ISRG Root X1"

  # Optionally specify algorithm and key size for private key. Allowed algorithms: "RSA" (allowed sizes: 2048, 3072, 4096) and "ECDSA" (allowed sizes: 256, 384)
  # If not specified, RSA with 2048 is used.
  #privateKey:
  #  algorithm: ECDSA
  #  size: 384

Supported attributes

Here is a list of all supported annotations regarding the certificate extension:

Path	Annotation	Value	Required	Description
N/A	`cert.gardener.cloud/purpose:`	`managed`	Yes when using annotations	Flag for Gardener that this specific Ingress or Service requires a certificate
`spec.commonName`	`cert.gardener.cloud/commonname:`	E.g. “*.demo.example.com” or “special.example.com”	Certificate and Ingress : No Service: Yes, if DNS names unset	Specifies for which domain the certificate request will be created. If not specified, the names from spec.tls[].hosts are used. This entry must comply with the 64 character limit.
`spec.dnsNames`	`cert.gardener.cloud/dnsnames:`	E.g. “special.example.com”	Certificate and Ingress : No Service: Yes, if common name unset	Additional domains the certificate should be valid for (Subject Alternative Name). If not specified, the names from spec.tls[].hosts are used. Entries in this list can be longer than 64 characters.
`spec.secretRef.name`	`cert.gardener.cloud/secretname:`	`any-name`	Yes for certificate and Service	Specifies the secret which contains the certificate/key pair. If the secret is not available yet, it’ll be created automatically as soon as the certificate has been issued.
`spec.issuerRef.name`	`cert.gardener.cloud/issuer:`	E.g. `gardener`	No	Specifies the issuer you want to use. Only necessary if you request certificates for custom domains.
N/A	`cert.gardener.cloud/revoked:`	`true` otherwise always false	No	Use only to revoke a certificate, see reference for more details
`spec.followCNAME`	`cert.gardener.cloud/follow-cname`	E.g. `true`	No	Specifies that the usage of a delegated domain for DNS challenges is allowed. Details see Follow CNAME.
`spec.preferredChain`	`cert.gardener.cloud/preferred-chain`	E.g. `ISRG Root X1`	No	Specifies the Common Name of the issuer for selecting the certificate chain. Details see Preferred Chain.
`spec.secretLabels`	`cert.gardener.cloud/secret-labels`	for annotation use e.g. `key1=value1,key2=value2`	No	Specifies labels for the certificate secret.
`spec.privateKey.algorithm`	`cert.gardener.cloud/private-key-algorithm`	`RSA`, `ECDSA`	No	Specifies algorithm for private key generation. If not specified defaults to `RSA`.
`spec.privateKey.size`	`cert.gardener.cloud/private-key-size`	`"256"`, `"384"`, `"2048"`, `"3072"`, `"4096"`	No	Specifies size for private key generation. If not specified defaults to `2048` for `RSA` and `256` for `ECDSA`. Allowed values for `RSA` are `2048`, `3072`, and `4096`. For `ECDSA` allowed values are `256` and `384`

Request a wildcard certificate

In order to avoid the creation of multiples certificates for every single endpoints, you may want to create a wildcard certificate for your shoot’s default cluster.

apiVersion: networking.k8s.io/v1
kind: Ingress
metadata:
  name: amazing-ingress
  annotations:
    cert.gardener.cloud/purpose: managed
    cert.gardener.cloud/commonName: "*.example.com"
spec:
  tls:
  - hosts:
    - amazing.example.com
    secretName: tls-secret
  rules:
  - host: amazing.example.com
    http:
      paths:
      - pathType: Prefix
        path: "/"
        backend:
          service:
            name: amazing-svc
            port:
              number: 8080

Please note that this can also be achived by directly adding an annotation to a Service type LoadBalancer. You could also create a Certificate object with a wildcard domain.

Using a custom Issuer

Most Gardener deployment with the certification extension enabled have a preconfigured garden issuer. It is also usually configured to use Let’s Encrypt as the certificate provider.

If you need a custom issuer for a specific cluster, please see Using a custom Issuer

Quotas

For security reasons there may be a default quota on the certificate requests per day set globally in the controller registration of the shoot-cert-service.

The default quota only applies if there is no explicit quota defined for the issuer itself with the field requestsPerDayQuota, e.g.:

kind: Shoot
...
spec:
  extensions:
  - type: shoot-cert-service
    providerConfig:
      apiVersion: service.cert.extensions.gardener.cloud/v1alpha1
      kind: CertConfig
      issuers:
        - email: your-email@example.com
          name: custom-issuer # issuer name must be specified in every custom issuer request, must not be "garden"
          server: 'https://acme-v02.api.letsencrypt.org/directory'
          requestsPerDayQuota: 10

DNS Propagation

As stated before, cert-manager uses the ACME challenge protocol to authenticate that you are the DNS owner for the domain’s certificate you are requesting. This works by creating a DNS TXT record in your DNS provider under _acme-challenge.example.example.com containing a token to compare with. The TXT record is only applied during the domain validation. Typically, the record is propagated within a few minutes. But if the record is not visible to the ACME server for any reasons, the certificate request is retried again after several minutes. This means you may have to wait up to one hour after the propagation problem has been resolved before the certificate request is retried. Take a look in the events with kubectl describe ingress example for troubleshooting.

Character Restrictions

Due to restriction of the common name to 64 characters, you may to leave the common name unset in such cases.

For example, the following request is invalid:

apiVersion: cert.gardener.cloud/v1alpha1
kind: Certificate
metadata:
  name: cert-invalid
  namespace: default
spec:
  commonName: morethan64characters.ingress.shoot.project.default-domain.gardener.cloud

But it is valid to request a certificate for this domain if you have left the common name unset:

apiVersion: cert.gardener.cloud/v1alpha1
kind: Certificate
metadata:
  name: cert-example
  namespace: default
spec:
  dnsNames:
  - morethan64characters.ingress.shoot.project.default-domain.gardener.cloud

References

5.1.4 - Using a custom Issuer

How to define a custom issuer forma shoot cluster

Using a custom Issuer

Another possibility to request certificates for custom domains is a dedicated issuer.

Note: This is only needed if the default issuer provided by Gardener is restricted to shoot related domains or you are using domain names not visible to public DNS servers. Which means that your senario most likely doesn’t require your to add an issuer.

The custom issuers are specified normally in the shoot manifest. If the shootIssuers feature is enabled, it can alternatively be defined in the shoot cluster.

Custom issuer in the shoot manifest

kind: Shoot
...
spec:
  extensions:
  - type: shoot-cert-service
    providerConfig:
      apiVersion: service.cert.extensions.gardener.cloud/v1alpha1
      kind: CertConfig
      issuers:
        - email: your-email@example.com
          name: custom-issuer # issuer name must be specified in every custom issuer request, must not be "garden"
          server: 'https://acme-v02.api.letsencrypt.org/directory'
          privateKeySecretName: my-privatekey # referenced resource, the private key must be stored in the secret at `data.privateKey` (optionally, only needed as alternative to auto registration) 
          #precheckNameservers: # to provide special set of nameservers to be used for prechecking DNSChallenges for an issuer
          #- dns1.private.company-net:53
          #- dns2.private.company-net:53" 
      #shootIssuers:
        # if true, allows to specify issuers in the shoot cluster
        #enabled: true 
  resources:
  - name: my-privatekey
    resourceRef:
      apiVersion: v1
      kind: Secret
      name: custom-issuer-privatekey # name of secret in Gardener project

If you are using an ACME provider for private domains, you may need to change the nameservers used for checking the availability of the DNS challenge’s TXT record before the certificate is requested from the ACME provider. By default, only public DNS servers may be used for this purpose. At least one of the precheckNameservers must be able to resolve the private domain names.

Using the custom issuer

To use the custom issuer in a certificate, just specify its name in the spec.

apiVersion: cert.gardener.cloud/v1alpha1
kind: Certificate
spec:
  ...
  issuerRef:
    name: custom-issuer
  ...

For source resources like Ingress or Service use the cert.gardener.cloud/issuer annotation.

apiVersion: networking.k8s.io/v1
kind: Ingress
metadata:
  name: amazing-ingress
  annotations:
    cert.gardener.cloud/purpose: managed
    cert.gardener.cloud/issuer: custom-issuer
...

Custom issuer in the shoot cluster

Prerequiste: The shootIssuers feature has to be enabled. It is either enabled globally in the ControllerDeployment or in the shoot manifest with:

kind: Shoot
...
spec:
  extensions:
  - type: shoot-cert-service
    providerConfig:
      apiVersion: service.cert.extensions.gardener.cloud/v1alpha1
      kind: CertConfig
      shootIssuers:
        enabled: true # if true, allows to specify issuers in the shoot cluster
...

Example for specifying an Issuer resource and its Secret directly in any namespace of the shoot cluster:

apiVersion: cert.gardener.cloud/v1alpha1
kind: Issuer
metadata:
  name: my-own-issuer
  namespace: my-namespace
spec:
  acme:
    domains:
      include:
      - my.own.domain.com
    email: some.user@my.own.domain.com
    privateKeySecretRef:
      name: my-own-issuer-secret
      namespace: my-namespace
    server: https://acme-v02.api.letsencrypt.org/directory
---
apiVersion: v1
kind: Secret
metadata:
  name: my-own-issuer-secret
  namespace: my-namespace
type: Opaque
data:
  privateKey: ... # replace '...' with valus encoded as base64

Using the custom shoot issuer

To use the custom issuer in a certificate, just specify its name and namespace in the spec.

apiVersion: cert.gardener.cloud/v1alpha1
kind: Certificate
spec:
  ...
  issuerRef:
    name: my-own-issuer
    namespace: my-namespace
  ...

For source resources like Ingress or Service use the cert.gardener.cloud/issuer annotation.

apiVersion: networking.k8s.io/v1
kind: Ingress
metadata:
  name: amazing-ingress
  annotations:
    cert.gardener.cloud/purpose: managed
    cert.gardener.cloud/issuer: my-namespace/my-own-issuer
...

5.1.5 - Deployment

Gardener Certificate Management

Introduction

Gardener comes with an extension that enables shoot owners to request X.509 compliant certificates for shoot domains.

Extension Installation

The Shoot-Cert-Service extension can be deployed and configured via Gardener’s native resource ControllerRegistration.

Prerequisites

To let the Shoot-Cert-Service operate properly, you need to have:

a DNS service in your seed
contact details and optionally a private key for a pre-existing Let’s Encrypt account

ControllerRegistration

An example of a ControllerRegistration for the Shoot-Cert-Service can be found at controller-registration.yaml.

The ControllerRegistration contains a Helm chart which eventually deploy the Shoot-Cert-Service to seed clusters. It offers some configuration options, mainly to set up a default issuer for shoot clusters. With a default issuer, pre-existing Let’s Encrypt accounts can be used and shared with shoot clusters (See “One Account or Many?” of the Integration Guide).

Please keep the Let’s Encrypt Rate Limits in mind when using this shared account model. Depending on the amount of shoots and domains it is recommended to use an account with increased rate limits.

apiVersion: core.gardener.cloud/v1beta1
kind: ControllerRegistration
...
  values:
    certificateConfig:
      defaultIssuer:
        acme:
            email: foo@example.com
            privateKey: |-
            -----BEGIN RSA PRIVATE KEY-----
            ...
            -----END RSA PRIVATE KEY-----
            server: https://acme-v02.api.letsencrypt.org/directory            
        name: default-issuer
#       restricted: true # restrict default issuer to any sub-domain of shoot.spec.dns.domain

#     defaultRequestsPerDayQuota: 50

#     precheckNameservers: 8.8.8.8,8.8.4.4

#     caCertificates: | # optional custom CA certificates when using private ACME provider
#     -----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
#     ...
#     -----END CERTIFICATE-----
#
#     -----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
#     ...
#     -----END CERTIFICATE-----

      shootIssuers:
        enabled: false # if true, allows to specify issuers in the shoot clusters

Enablement

If the Shoot-Cert-Service should be enabled for every shoot cluster in your Gardener managed environment, you need to globally enable it in the ControllerRegistration:

apiVersion: core.gardener.cloud/v1beta1
kind: ControllerRegistration
...
  resources:
  - globallyEnabled: true
    kind: Extension
    type: shoot-cert-service

Alternatively, you’re given the option to only enable the service for certain shoots:

kind: Shoot
apiVersion: core.gardener.cloud/v1beta1
...
spec:
  extensions:
  - type: shoot-cert-service
...

5.1.6 - Gardener yourself a Shoot with Istio, custom Domains, and Certificates

As we ramp up more and more friends of Gardener, I thought it worthwile to explore and write a tutorial about how to simply

create a Gardener managed Kubernetes Cluster (Shoot) via kubectl,
install Istio as a preferred, production ready Ingress/Service Mesh (instead of the Nginx Ingress addon),
attach your own custom domain to be managed by Gardener,
combine everything with certificates from Let’s Encrypt.

Here are some pre-pointers that you will need to go deeper:

Tip

If you try my instructions and fail, then read the alternative title of this tutorial as "Shoot yourself in the foot with Gardener, custom Domains, Istio and Certificates".

First Things First

Login to your Gardener landscape, setup a project with adequate infrastructure credentials and then navigate to your account. Note down the name of your secret. I chose the GCP infrastructure from the vast possible options that my Gardener provides me with, so i had named the secret as shoot-operator-gcp.

From the Access widget (leave the default settings) download your personalized kubeconfig into ~/.kube/kubeconfig-garden-myproject. Follow the instructions to setup kubelogin:

access

For convinience, let us set an alias command with

alias kgarden="kubectl --kubeconfig ~/.kube/kubeconfig-garden-myproject.yaml"

kgarden now gives you all botanical powers and connects you directly with your Gardener.

You should now be able to run kgarden get shoots, automatically get an oidc token, and list already running clusters/shoots.

Prepare your Custom Domain

I am going to use Cloud Flare as programmatic DNS of my custom domain mydomain.io. Please follow detailed instructions from Cloud Flare on how to delegate your domain (the free account does not support delegating subdomains). Alternatively, AWS Route53 (and most others) support delegating subdomains.

I needed to follow these instructions and created the following secret:

apiVersion: v1
kind: Secret
metadata:
  name: cloudflare-mydomain-io
type: Opaque
data:
  CLOUDFLARE_API_TOKEN: useYOURownDAMITzNDU2Nzg5MDEyMzQ1Njc4OQ==

Apply this secret into your project with kgarden create -f cloudflare-mydomain-io.yaml.

Our External DNS Manager also supports Amazon Route53, Google CloudDNS, AliCloud DNS, Azure DNS, or OpenStack Designate. Check it out.

Prepare Gardener Extensions

I now need to prepare the Gardener extensions shoot-dns-service and shoot-cert-service and set the parameters accordingly.

Please note, that the availability of Gardener Extensions depends on how your administrator has configured the Gardener landscape. Please contact your Gardener administrator in case you experience any issues during activation.

The following snipplet allows Gardener to manage my entire custom domain, whereas with the include: attribute I restrict all dynamic entries under the subdomain gsicdc.mydomain.io:

  dns:
    providers:
      - domains:
          include:
            - gsicdc.mydomain.io
        primary: false
        secretName: cloudflare-mydomain-io
        type: cloudflare-dns
  extensions:
    - type: shoot-dns-service

The next snipplet allows Gardener to manage certificates automatically from Let’s Encrypt on mydomain.io for me:

  extensions:
    - type: shoot-cert-service
      providerConfig:
        apiVersion: service.cert.extensions.gardener.cloud/v1alpha1
        issuers:
          - email: me@mail.com
            name: mydomain
            server: 'https://acme-v02.api.letsencrypt.org/directory'
          - email: me@mail.com
            name: mydomain-staging
            server: 'https://acme-staging-v02.api.letsencrypt.org/directory'

Adjust the snipplets with your parameters (don't forget your email). And please use the mydomain-staging issuer while you are testing and learning. Otherwise, Let's Encrypt will rate limit your frequent requests and you can wait a week until you can continue.

References for Let’s Encrypt:

Create the Gardener Shoot Cluster

Remember I chose to create the Shoot on GCP, so below is the simplest declarative shoot or cluster order document. Notice that I am referring to the infrastructure credentials with shoot-operator-gcp and I combined the above snipplets into the yaml file:

apiVersion: core.gardener.cloud/v1beta1
kind: Shoot
metadata:
  name: gsicdc
spec:
  dns:
    providers:
    - domains:
        include:
          - gsicdc.mydomain.io
      primary: false
      secretName: cloudflare-mydomain-io
      type: cloudflare-dns
  extensions:
  - type: shoot-dns-service
  - type: shoot-cert-service
    providerConfig:
      apiVersion: service.cert.extensions.gardener.cloud/v1alpha1
      issuers:
        - email: me@mail.com
          name: mydomain
          server: 'https://acme-v02.api.letsencrypt.org/directory'
        - email: me@mail.com
          name: mydomain-staging
          server: 'https://acme-staging-v02.api.letsencrypt.org/directory'
  cloudProfileName: gcp
  kubernetes:
    allowPrivilegedContainers: true
    version: 1.24.8
  maintenance:
    autoUpdate:
      kubernetesVersion: true
      machineImageVersion: true
  networking:
    nodes: 10.250.0.0/16
    pods: 100.96.0.0/11
    services: 100.64.0.0/13
    type: calico
  provider:
    controlPlaneConfig:
      apiVersion: gcp.provider.extensions.gardener.cloud/v1alpha1
      kind: ControlPlaneConfig
      zone: europe-west1-d
    infrastructureConfig:
      apiVersion: gcp.provider.extensions.gardener.cloud/v1alpha1
      kind: InfrastructureConfig
      networks:
        workers: 10.250.0.0/16
    type: gcp
    workers:
    - machine:
        image:
          name: gardenlinux
          version: 576.9.0
        type: n1-standard-2
      maxSurge: 1
      maxUnavailable: 0
      maximum: 2
      minimum: 1
      name: my-workerpool
      volume:
        size: 50Gi
        type: pd-standard
      zones:
      - europe-west1-d
  purpose: testing
  region: europe-west1
  secretBindingName: shoot-operator-gcp

Create your cluster and wait for it to be ready (about 5 to 7min).

$ kgarden create -f gsicdc.yaml
shoot.core.gardener.cloud/gsicdc created

$ kgarden get shoot gsicdc --watch
NAME     CLOUDPROFILE   VERSION   SEED   DOMAIN                                        HIBERNATION   OPERATION    PROGRESS   APISERVER     CONTROL       NODES     SYSTEM    AGE
gsicdc   gcp            1.24.8    gcp    gsicdc.myproject.shoot.devgarden.cloud   Awake         Processing   38         Progressing   Progressing   Unknown   Unknown   83s
...
gsicdc   gcp            1.24.8    gcp    gsicdc.myproject.shoot.devgarden.cloud   Awake         Succeeded    100        True          True          True          False         6m7s

Get access to your freshly baked cluster and set your KUBECONFIG:

$ kgarden get secrets gsicdc.kubeconfig -o jsonpath={.data.kubeconfig} | base64 -d >kubeconfig-gsicdc.yaml

$ export KUBECONFIG=$(pwd)/kubeconfig-gsicdc.yaml
$ kubectl get all
NAME                 TYPE        CLUSTER-IP   EXTERNAL-IP   PORT(S)   AGE
service/kubernetes   ClusterIP   100.64.0.1   <none>        443/TCP   89m

Install Istio

Please follow the Istio installation instructions and download istioctl. If you are on a Mac, I recommend

$ brew install istioctl

I want to install Istio with a default profile and SDS enabled. Furthermore I pass the following annotations to the service object istio-ingressgateway in the istio-system namespace.

  annotations:
    cert.gardener.cloud/issuer: mydomain-staging
    cert.gardener.cloud/secretname: wildcard-tls
    dns.gardener.cloud/class: garden
    dns.gardener.cloud/dnsnames: "*.gsicdc.mydomain.io"
    dns.gardener.cloud/ttl: "120"

With these annotations three things now happen automagically:

The External DNS Manager, provided to you as a service (dns.gardener.cloud/class: garden), picks up the request and creates the wildcard DNS entry *.gsicdc.mydomain.io with a time to live of 120sec at your DNS provider. My provider Cloud Flare is very very quick (as opposed to some other services). You should be able to verify the entry with dig lovemygardener.gsicdc.mydomain.io within seconds.
The Certificate Management picks up the request as well and initates a DNS01 protocol exchange with Let’s Encrypt; using the staging environment referred to with the issuer behind mydomain-staging.
After aproximately 70sec (give and take) you will receive the wildcard certificate in the wildcard-tls secret in the namespace istio-system.

Notice, that the namespace for the certificate secret is often the cause of many troubeshooting sessions: the secret must reside in the same namespace of the gateway.

Here is the istio-install script:

$ export domainname="*.gsicdc.mydomain.io"
$ export issuer="mydomain-staging"

$ cat <<EOF | istioctl install -y -f -
apiVersion: install.istio.io/v1alpha1
kind: IstioOperator
spec:
  profile: default
  components:
    ingressGateways:
    - name: istio-ingressgateway
      enabled: true
      k8s:
        serviceAnnotations:
          cert.gardener.cloud/issuer: "${issuer}"
          cert.gardener.cloud/secretname: wildcard-tls
          dns.gardener.cloud/class: garden
          dns.gardener.cloud/dnsnames: "${domainname}"
          dns.gardener.cloud/ttl: "120"
EOF

Verify that setup is working and that DNS and certificates have been created/delivered:

$ kubectl -n istio-system describe service istio-ingressgateway
<snip>
Events:
  Type    Reason                Age                From                     Message
  ----    ------                ----               ----                     -------
  Normal  EnsuringLoadBalancer  58s                service-controller       Ensuring load balancer
  Normal  reconcile             58s                cert-controller-manager  created certificate object istio-system/istio-ingressgateway-service-pwqdm
  Normal  cert-annotation       58s                cert-controller-manager  wildcard-tls: cert request is pending
  Normal  cert-annotation       54s                cert-controller-manager  wildcard-tls: certificate pending: certificate requested, preparing/waiting for successful DNS01 challenge
  Normal  cert-annotation       28s                cert-controller-manager  wildcard-tls: certificate ready
  Normal  EnsuredLoadBalancer   26s                service-controller       Ensured load balancer
  Normal  reconcile             26s                dns-controller-manager   created dns entry object shoot--core--gsicdc/istio-ingressgateway-service-p9qqb
  Normal  dns-annotation        26s                dns-controller-manager   *.gsicdc.mydomain.io: dns entry is pending
  Normal  dns-annotation        21s (x3 over 21s)  dns-controller-manager   *.gsicdc.mydomain.io: dns entry active

$ dig lovemygardener.gsicdc.mydomain.io

; <<>> DiG 9.10.6 <<>> lovemygardener.gsicdc.mydomain.io
<snip>
;; ANSWER SECTION:
lovemygardener.gsicdc.mydomain.io. 120 IN A	35.195.120.62
<snip>

There you have it, the wildcard-tls certificate is ready and the *.gsicdc.mydomain.io dns entry is active. Traffic will be going your way.

Handy tools to install

Another set of fine tools to use are kapp (formerly known as k14s), k9s and HTTPie. While we are at it, let’s install them all. If you are on a Mac, I recommend:

brew tap vmware-tanzu/carvel
brew install ytt kbld kapp kwt imgpkg vendir
brew install derailed/k9s/k9s
brew install httpie

Ingress to your service

Networking is a central part of Kubernetes, but it can be challenging to understand exactly how it is expected to work. You should learn about Kubernetes networking, and first try to debug problems yourself. With a solid managed cluster from Gardener, it is always PEBCAK!

Kubernetes Ingress is a subject that is evolving to much broader standard. Please watch Evolving the Kubernetes Ingress APIs to GA and Beyond for a good introduction. In this example, I did not want to use the Kubernetes Ingress compatibility option of Istio. Instead, I used VirtualService and Gateway from the Istio’s API group networking.istio.io/v1beta1 directly, and enabled istio-injection generically for the namespace.

I use httpbin as service that I want to expose to the internet, or where my ingress should be routed to (depends on your point of view, I guess).

apiVersion: v1
kind: Namespace
metadata:
  name: production
  labels:
    istio-injection: enabled
---
apiVersion: v1
kind: Service
metadata:
  name: httpbin
  namespace: production
  labels:
    app: httpbin
spec:
  ports:
  - name: http
    port: 8000
    targetPort: 80
  selector:
    app: httpbin
---
apiVersion: apps/v1
kind: Deployment
metadata:
  name: httpbin
  namespace: production
spec:
  replicas: 1
  selector:
    matchLabels:
      app: httpbin
  template:
    metadata:
      labels:
        app: httpbin
    spec:
      containers:
      - image: docker.io/kennethreitz/httpbin
        imagePullPolicy: IfNotPresent
        name: httpbin
        ports:
        - containerPort: 80
---
apiVersion: networking.istio.io/v1beta1
kind: Gateway
metadata:
  name: httpbin-gw
  namespace: production
spec:
  selector:
    istio: ingressgateway #! use istio default ingress gateway
  servers:
  - port:
      number: 80
      name: http
      protocol: HTTP
    tls:
      httpsRedirect: true
    hosts:
    - "httpbin.gsicdc.mydomain.io"
  - port:
      number: 443
      name: https
      protocol: HTTPS
    tls:
      mode: SIMPLE
      credentialName: wildcard-tls
    hosts:
    - "httpbin.gsicdc.mydomain.io"
---
apiVersion: networking.istio.io/v1beta1
kind: VirtualService
metadata:
  name: httpbin-vs
  namespace: production
spec:
  hosts:
  - "httpbin.gsicdc.mydomain.io"
  gateways:
  - httpbin-gw
  http:
  - match:
    - uri:
        regex: /.*
    route:
    - destination:
        port:
          number: 8000
        host: httpbin
---

Let us now deploy the whole package of Kubernetes primitives using kapp:

$ kapp deploy -a httpbin -f httpbin-kapp.yaml
Target cluster 'https://api.gsicdc.myproject.shoot.devgarden.cloud' (nodes: shoot--myproject--gsicdc-my-workerpool-z1-6586c8f6cb-x24kh)

Changes

Namespace   Name        Kind            Conds.  Age  Op      Wait to    Rs  Ri
(cluster)   production  Namespace       -       -    create  reconcile  -   -
production  httpbin     Deployment      -       -    create  reconcile  -   -
^           httpbin     Service         -       -    create  reconcile  -   -
^           httpbin-gw  Gateway         -       -    create  reconcile  -   -
^           httpbin-vs  VirtualService  -       -    create  reconcile  -   -

Op:      5 create, 0 delete, 0 update, 0 noop
Wait to: 5 reconcile, 0 delete, 0 noop

Continue? [yN]: y

5:36:31PM: ---- applying 1 changes [0/5 done] ----
<snip>
5:37:00PM: ok: reconcile deployment/httpbin (apps/v1) namespace: production
5:37:00PM: ---- applying complete [5/5 done] ----
5:37:00PM: ---- waiting complete [5/5 done] ----

Succeeded

Let’s finaly test the service (Of course you can use the browser as well):

$ http httpbin.gsicdc.mydomain.io
HTTP/1.1 301 Moved Permanently
content-length: 0
date: Wed, 13 May 2020 21:29:13 GMT
location: https://httpbin.gsicdc.mydomain.io/
server: istio-envoy

$ curl -k https://httpbin.gsicdc.mydomain.io/ip
{
    "origin": "10.250.0.2"
}

Quod erat demonstrandum. The proof of exchanging the issuer is now left to the reader.

Tip

Remember that the certificate is actually not valid because it is issued from the Let's encrypt staging environment. Thus, we needed "curl -k" or "http --verify no".

Hint: use the interactive k9s tool. k9s

Cleanup

Remove the cloud native application:

$ kapp ls
Apps in namespace 'default'

Name     Namespaces            Lcs   Lca
httpbin  (cluster),production  true  17m

$ kapp delete -a httpbin
...
Continue? [yN]: y
...
11:47:47PM: ---- waiting complete [8/8 done] ----

Succeeded

Remove Istio:

$ istioctl x uninstall --purge
clusterrole.rbac.authorization.k8s.io "prometheus-istio-system" deleted
clusterrolebinding.rbac.authorization.k8s.io "prometheus-istio-system" deleted
...

Delete your Shoot:

kgarden annotate shoot gsicdc confirmation.gardener.cloud/deletion=true --overwrite
kgarden delete shoot gsicdc --wait=false

5.2 - DNS services

Gardener extension controller for DNS services for shoot clusters

Gardener Extension for DNS services

Project Gardener implements the automated management and operation of Kubernetes clusters as a service. Its main principle is to leverage Kubernetes concepts for all of its tasks.

Extension-Resources

Example extension resource:

apiVersion: extensions.gardener.cloud/v1alpha1
kind: Extension
metadata:
  name: "extension-dns-service"
  namespace: shoot--project--abc
spec:
  type: shoot-dns-service

How to start using or developing this extension controller locally

Feedback and Support

Feedback and contributions are always welcome. Please report bugs or suggestions as GitHub issues or join our Slack channel #gardener (please invite yourself to the Kubernetes workspace here).

Learn more!

Please find further resources about out project here:

5.2.1 - Configuration

Deployment of the shoot DNS service extension

Disclaimer: This document is NOT a step by step deployment guide for the shoot DNS service extension and only contains some configuration specifics regarding the deployment of different components via the helm charts residing in the shoot DNS service extension repository.

gardener-extension-admission-shoot-dns-service

Authentication against the Garden cluster

There are several authentication possibilities depending on whether or not the concept of Virtual Garden is used.

Virtual Garden is not used, i.e., the `runtime` Garden cluster is also the `target` Garden cluster.

Automounted Service Account Token

The easiest way to deploy the gardener-extension-admission-shoot-dns-service component will be to not provide kubeconfig at all. This way in-cluster configuration and an automounted service account token will be used. The drawback of this approach is that the automounted token will not be automatically rotated.

Service Account Token Volume Projection

Another solution will be to use Service Account Token Volume Projection combined with a kubeconfig referencing a token file (see example below).

apiVersion: v1
kind: Config
clusters:
- cluster:
    certificate-authority-data: <CA-DATA>
    server: https://default.kubernetes.svc.cluster.local
  name: garden
contexts:
- context:
    cluster: garden
    user: garden
  name: garden
current-context: garden
users:
- name: garden
  user:
    tokenFile: /var/run/secrets/projected/serviceaccount/token

Virtual Garden is used, i.e., the `runtime` Garden cluster is different from the `target` Garden cluster.

Service Account

Deploy the application part of the charts in the target cluster.
Get the service account token and craft the kubeconfig.
Set the crafted kubeconfig and deploy the runtime part of the charts in the runtime cluster.

Client Certificate

Generate a client certificate for the target cluster for the respective user.
Deploy the application part of the charts in the target cluster.
Craft a kubeconfig using the already generated client certificate.
Set the crafted kubeconfig and deploy the runtime part of the charts in the runtime cluster.

Projected Service Account Token

Deploy OWA and establish the needed trust.
Set .Values.global.virtualGarden.enabled: true and .Values.global.virtualGarden.user.name. Note: username value will depend on the trust configuration, e.g., <prefix>:system:serviceaccount:<namespace>:<serviceaccount>
Set .Values.global.serviceAccountTokenVolumeProjection.enabled: true and .Values.global.serviceAccountTokenVolumeProjection.audience. Note: audience value will depend on the trust configuration, e.g., <cliend-id-from-trust-config>.
Craft a kubeconfig (see example below).
Deploy the application part of the charts in the target cluster.
Deploy the runtime part of the charts in the runtime cluster.

apiVersion: v1
kind: Config
clusters:
- cluster:
    certificate-authority-data: <CA-DATA>
    server: https://virtual-garden.api
  name: virtual-garden
contexts:
- context:
    cluster: virtual-garden
    user: virtual-garden
  name: virtual-garden
current-context: virtual-garden
users:
- name: virtual-garden
  user:
    tokenFile: /var/run/secrets/projected/serviceaccount/token

5.2.2 - Deployment

Gardener DNS Management for Shoots

Introduction

Gardener allows Shoot clusters to request DNS names for Ingresses and Services out of the box. To support this the gardener must be installed with the shoot-dns-service extension. This extension uses the seed’s dns management infrastructure to maintain DNS names for shoot clusters. So, far only the external DNS domain of a shoot (already used for the kubernetes api server and ingress DNS names) can be used for managed DNS names.

Configuration

To generally enable the DNS management for shoot objects the shoot-dns-service extension must be registered by providing an appropriate extension registration in the garden cluster.

Here it is possible to decide whether the extension should be always available for all shoots or whether the extension must be separately enabled per shoot.

If the extension should be used for all shoots, the registration must set the globallyEnabled flag to true.

spec:
  resources:
    - kind: Extension
      type: shoot-dns-service
      globallyEnabled: true

Deployment of DNS controller manager

If you are using Gardener version >= 1.54, please make sure to deploy the DNS controller manager by adding the dnsControllerManager section to the providerConfig.values section.

For example:

apiVersion: core.gardener.cloud/v1beta1
kind: ControllerDeployment
metadata:
  name: extension-shoot-dns-service
type: helm
providerConfig:
  chart: ...
  values:
    image:
      ...
    dnsControllerManager:
      image:
        repository: europe-docker.pkg.dev/gardener-project/releases/dns-controller-manager
        tag: v0.16.0
      configuration:
        cacheTtl: 300
        controllers: dnscontrollers,dnssources
        dnsPoolResyncPeriod: 30m
        #poolSize: 20
        #providersPoolResyncPeriod: 24h
        serverPortHttp: 8080
      createCRDs: false
      deploy: true
      replicaCount: 1
      #resources:
      #  limits:
      #    memory: 1Gi
      #  requests:
      #    cpu: 50m
      #    memory: 500Mi
    dnsProviderManagement:
      enabled: true

Providing Base Domains usable for a Shoot

So, far only the external DNS domain of a shoot already used for the kubernetes api server and ingress DNS names can be used for managed DNS names. This is either the shoot domain as subdomain of the default domain configured for the gardener installation, or a dedicated domain with dedicated access credentials configured for a dedicated shoot via the shoot manifest.

Alternatively, you can specify DNSProviders and its credentials Secret directly in the shoot, if this feature is enabled. By default, DNSProvider replication is disabled, but it can be enabled globally in the ControllerDeployment or for a shoot cluster in the shoot manifest (details see further below).

apiVersion: core.gardener.cloud/v1beta1
kind: ControllerDeployment
metadata:
  name: extension-shoot-dns-service
type: helm
providerConfig:
  chart: ...
  values:
    image:
      ...
    dnsProviderReplication:
      enabled: true

See example files (20-* and 30-*) for details for the various provider types.

Shoot Feature Gate

If the shoot DNS feature is not globally enabled by default (depends on the extension registration on the garden cluster), it must be enabled per shoot.

To enable the feature for a shoot, the shoot manifest must explicitly add the shoot-dns-service extension.

...
spec:
  extensions:
    - type: shoot-dns-service
...

Enable/disable DNS provider replication for a shoot

The DNSProvider` replication feature enablement can be overwritten in the shoot manifest, e.g.

Kind: Shoot
...
spec:
  extensions:
    - type: shoot-dns-service
      providerConfig:
        apiVersion: service.dns.extensions.gardener.cloud/v1alpha1
        kind: DNSConfig
        dnsProviderReplication:
          enabled: true
...

5.2.3 - DNS Names

Request DNS Names in Shoot Clusters

Introduction

Within a shoot cluster, it is possible to request DNS records via the following resource types:

It is necessary that the Gardener installation your shoot cluster runs in is equipped with a shoot-dns-service extension. This extension uses the seed’s dns management infrastructure to maintain DNS names for shoot clusters. Please ask your Gardener operator if the extension is available in your environment.

Shoot Feature Gate

In some Gardener setups the shoot-dns-service extension is not enabled globally and thus must be configured per shoot cluster. Please adapt the shoot specification by the configuration shown below to activate the extension individually.

kind: Shoot
...
spec:
  extensions:
    - type: shoot-dns-service
...

Before you start

You should :

Have created a shoot cluster
Have created and correctly configured a DNS Provider (Please consult this page for more information)
Have a basic understanding of DNS (see link under References)

There are 2 types of DNS that you can use within Kubernetes :

internal (usually managed by coreDNS)
external (managed by a public DNS provider).

This page, and the extension, exclusively works for external DNS handling.

Gardener allows 2 way of managing your external DNS:

Manually, which means you are in charge of creating / maintaining your Kubernetes related DNS entries
Via the Gardener DNS extension

Gardener DNS extension

The managed external DNS records feature of the Gardener clusters makes all this easier. You do not need DNS service provider specific knowledge, and in fact you do not need to leave your cluster at all to achieve that. You simply annotate the Ingress / Service that needs its DNS records managed and it will be automatically created / managed by Gardener.

Managed external DNS records are supported with the following DNS provider types:

aws-route53
azure-dns
azure-private-dns
google-clouddns
openstack-designate
alicloud-dns
cloudflare-dns

Request DNS records for Ingress resources

To request a DNS name for Ingress, Service or Gateway (Istio or Gateway API) objects in the shoot cluster it must be annotated with the DNS class garden and an annotation denoting the desired DNS names.

Example for an annotated Ingress resource:

apiVersion: networking.k8s.io/v1
kind: Ingress
metadata:
  name: amazing-ingress
  annotations:
    # Let Gardener manage external DNS records for this Ingress.
    dns.gardener.cloud/dnsnames: special.example.com # Use "*" to collects domains names from .spec.rules[].host
    dns.gardener.cloud/ttl: "600"
    dns.gardener.cloud/class: garden
    # If you are delegating the certificate management to Gardener, uncomment the following line
    #cert.gardener.cloud/purpose: managed
spec:
  rules:
  - host: special.example.com
    http:
      paths:
      - pathType: Prefix
        path: "/"
        backend:
          service:
            name: amazing-svc
            port:
              number: 8080
  # Uncomment the following part if you are delegating the certificate management to Gardener
  #tls:
  #  - hosts:
  #      - special.example.com
  #    secretName: my-cert-secret-name

For an Ingress, the DNS names are already declared in the specification. Nevertheless the dnsnames annotation must be present. Here a subset of the DNS names of the ingress can be specified. If DNS names for all names are desired, the value all can be used.

Keep in mind that ingress resources are ignored unless an ingress controller is set up. Gardener does not provide an ingress controller by default. For more details, see Ingress Controllers and Service in the Kubernetes documentation.

Request DNS records for service type LoadBalancer

Example for an annotated Service (it must have the type LoadBalancer) resource:

apiVersion: v1
kind: Service
metadata:
  name: amazing-svc
  annotations:
    # Let Gardener manage external DNS records for this Service.
    dns.gardener.cloud/dnsnames: special.example.com
    dns.gardener.cloud/ttl: "600"
    dns.gardener.cloud/class: garden
spec:
  selector:
    app: amazing-app
  ports:
    - protocol: TCP
      port: 80
      targetPort: 8080
  type: LoadBalancer

Request DNS records for Gateway resources

Please see Istio Gateways or Gateway API for details.

Creating a DNSEntry resource explicitly

It is also possible to create a DNS entry via the Kubernetes resource called DNSEntry:

apiVersion: dns.gardener.cloud/v1alpha1
kind: DNSEntry
metadata:
  annotations:
    # Let Gardener manage this DNS entry.
    dns.gardener.cloud/class: garden
  name: special-dnsentry
  namespace: default
spec:
  dnsName: special.example.com
  ttl: 600
  targets:
  - 1.2.3.4

If one of the accepted DNS names is a direct subname of the shoot’s ingress domain, this is already handled by the standard wildcard entry for the ingress domain. Therefore this name should be excluded from the dnsnames list in the annotation. If only this DNS name is configured in the ingress, no explicit DNS entry is required, and the DNS annotations should be omitted at all.

You can check the status of the DNSEntry with

$ kubectl get dnsentry
NAME          DNS                                                            TYPE          PROVIDER      STATUS    AGE
mydnsentry    special.example.com     aws-route53   default/aws   Ready     24s

As soon as the status of the entry is Ready, the provider has accepted the new DNS record. Depending on the provider and your DNS settings and cache, it may take up to 24 hours for the new entry to be propagated over all internet.

More examples can be found here

Request DNS records for Service/Ingress resources using a DNSAnnotation resource

In rare cases it may not be possible to add annotations to a Service or Ingress resource object.

E.g.: the helm chart used to deploy the resource may not be adaptable for some reasons or some automation is used, which always restores the original content of the resource object by dropping any additional annotations.

In these cases, it is recommended to use an additional DNSAnnotation resource in order to have more flexibility that DNSentry resources. The DNSAnnotation resource makes the DNS shoot service behave as if annotations have been added to the referenced resource.

For the Ingress example shown above, you can create a DNSAnnotation resource alternatively to provide the annotations.

apiVersion: dns.gardener.cloud/v1alpha1
kind: DNSAnnotation
metadata:
  annotations:
    dns.gardener.cloud/class: garden
  name: test-ingress-annotation
  namespace: default
spec:
  resourceRef:
    kind: Ingress
    apiVersion: networking.k8s.io/v1
    name: test-ingress
    namespace: default
  annotations:
    dns.gardener.cloud/dnsnames: '*'
    dns.gardener.cloud/class: garden

Note that the DNSAnnotation resource itself needs the dns.gardener.cloud/class=garden annotation. This also only works for annotations known to the DNS shoot service (see Accepted External DNS Records Annotations).

For more details, see also DNSAnnotation objects

Accepted External DNS Records Annotations

Here are all of the accepted annotation related to the DNS extension:

Annotation	Description
dns.gardener.cloud/dnsnames	Mandatory for service and ingress resources, accepts a comma-separated list of DNS names if multiple names are required. For ingress you can use the special value `'*'`. In this case, the DNS names are collected from `.spec.rules[].host`.
dns.gardener.cloud/class	Mandatory, in the context of the shoot-dns-service it must always be set to `garden`.
dns.gardener.cloud/ttl	Recommended, overrides the default Time-To-Live of the DNS record.
dns.gardener.cloud/cname-lookup-interval	Only relevant if multiple domain name targets are specified. It specifies the lookup interval for CNAMEs to map them to IP addresses (in seconds)
dns.gardener.cloud/realms	Internal, for restricting provider access for shoot DNS entries. Typcially not set by users of the shoot-dns-service.
dns.gardener.cloud/ip-stack	Only relevant for provider type `aws-route53` if target is an AWS load balancer domain name. Can be set for service, ingress and DNSEntry resources. It specify which DNS records with alias targets are created instead of the usual `CNAME` records. If the annotation is not set (or has the value `ipv4`), only an `A` record is created. With value `dual-stack`, both `A` and `AAAA` records are created. With value `ipv6` only an `AAAA` record is created.
service.beta.kubernetes.io/aws-load-balancer-ip-address-type=dualstack	For services, behaves similar to `dns.gardener.cloud/ip-stack=dual-stack`.
loadbalancer.openstack.org/load-balancer-address	Internal, for services only: support for PROXY protocol on Openstack (which needs a hostname as ingress). Typcially not set by users of the shoot-dns-service.

If one of the accepted DNS names is a direct subdomain of the shoot’s ingress domain, this is already handled by the standard wildcard entry for the ingress domain. Therefore, this name should be excluded from the dnsnames list in the annotation. If only this DNS name is configured in the ingress, no explicit DNS entry is required, and the DNS annotations should be omitted at all.

Troubleshooting

General DNS tools

To check the DNS resolution, use the nslookup or dig command.

$ nslookup special.your-domain.com

or with dig

$ dig +short special.example.com
Depending on your network settings, you may get a successful response faster using a public DNS server (e.g. 8.8.8.8, 8.8.4.4, or 1.1.1.1)

dig @8.8.8.8 +short special.example.com

DNS record events

The DNS controller publishes Kubernetes events for the resource which requested the DNS record (Ingress, Service, DNSEntry). These events reveal more information about the DNS requests being processed and are especially useful to check any kind of misconfiguration, e.g. requests for a domain you don’t own.

Events for a successfully created DNS record:

$ kubectl describe service my-service

Events:
  Type    Reason          Age                From                    Message
  ----    ------          ----               ----                    -------
  Normal  dns-annotation  19s                dns-controller-manager  special.example.com: dns entry is pending
  Normal  dns-annotation  19s (x3 over 19s)  dns-controller-manager  special.example.com: dns entry pending: waiting for dns reconciliation
  Normal  dns-annotation  9s (x3 over 10s)   dns-controller-manager  special.example.com: dns entry active

Please note, events vanish after their retention period (usually 1h).

DNSEntry status

DNSEntry resources offer a .status sub-resource which can be used to check the current state of the object.

Status of a erroneous DNSEntry.

  status:
    message: No responsible provider found
    observedGeneration: 3
    provider: remote
    state: Error

References

5.2.4 - DNS Providers

DNS Providers

Introduction

Gardener can manage DNS records on your behalf, so that you can request them via different resource types (see here) within the shoot cluster. The domains for which you are permitted to request records, are however restricted and depend on the DNS provider configuration.

Shoot provider

By default, every shoot cluster is equipped with a default provider. It is the very same provider that manages the shoot cluster’s kube-apiserver public DNS record (DNS address in your Kubeconfig).

kind: Shoot
...
dns:
  domain: shoot.project.default-domain.gardener.cloud

You are permitted to request any sub-domain of .dns.domain that is not already taken (e.g. api.shoot.project.default-domain.gardener.cloud, *.ingress.shoot.project.default-domain.gardener.cloud) with this provider.

Additional providers

If you need to request DNS records for domains not managed by the default provider, additional providers can be configured in the shoot specification. Alternatively, if it is enabled, it can be added as DNSProvider resources to the shoot cluster.

Additional providers in the shoot specification

To add a providers in the shoot spec, you need set them in the spec.dns.providers list.

For example:

kind: Shoot
...
spec:
  dns:
    domain: shoot.project.default-domain.gardener.cloud
    providers:
    - secretName: my-aws-account
      type: aws-route53
    - secretName: my-gcp-account
      type: google-clouddns

Please consult the API-Reference to get a complete list of supported fields and configuration options.

Referenced secrets should exist in the project namespace in the Garden cluster and must comply with the provider specific credentials format. The External-DNS-Management project provides corresponding examples (20-secret-<provider-name>-credentials.yaml) for known providers.

Additional providers as resources in the shoot cluster

If it is not enabled globally, you have to enable the feature in the shoot manifest:

Kind: Shoot
...
spec:
  extensions:
    - type: shoot-dns-service
      providerConfig:
        apiVersion: service.dns.extensions.gardener.cloud/v1alpha1
        kind: DNSConfig
        dnsProviderReplication:
          enabled: true
...

To add a provider directly in the shoot cluster, provide a DNSProvider in any namespace together with Secret containing the credentials.

For example if the domain is hosted with AWS Route 53 (provider type aws-route53):

apiVersion: dns.gardener.cloud/v1alpha1
kind: DNSProvider
metadata:
  annotations:
    dns.gardener.cloud/class: garden
  name: my-own-domain
  namespace: my-namespace
spec:
  type: aws-route53
  secretRef:
    name: my-own-domain-credentials
  domains:
    include:
    - my.own.domain.com
---
apiVersion: v1
kind: Secret
metadata:
  name: my-own-domain-credentials
  namespace: my-namespace
type: Opaque
data:
  # replace '...' with values encoded as base64
  AWS_ACCESS_KEY_ID: ...
  AWS_SECRET_ACCESS_KEY: ...

The External-DNS-Management project provides examples with more details for DNSProviders (30-provider-<provider-name>.yaml) and credential Secrets (20-secret-<provider-name>.yaml) at https://github.com/gardener/external-dns-management//examples for all supported provider types.

5.2.5 - Gateway Api Gateways

Using annotated Gateway API Gateway and/or HTTPRoutes as Source

This tutorial describes how to use annotated Gateway API resources as source for DNSEntries with the Gardener shoot-dns-service extension.

The dns-controller-manager supports the resources Gateway and HTTPRoute.

Install Istio on your cluster

Using a new or existing shoot cluster, follow the Istio Kubernetes Gateway API to install the Gateway API and to install Istio.

These are the typical commands for the Istio installation with the Kubernetes Gateway API:

export KUEBCONFIG=...
curl -L https://istio.io/downloadIstio | sh -
kubectl get crd gateways.gateway.networking.k8s.io &> /dev/null || \
  { kubectl kustomize "github.com/kubernetes-sigs/gateway-api/config/crd?ref=v1.0.0" | kubectl apply -f -; }
istioctl install --set profile=minimal -y
kubectl label namespace default istio-injection=enabled

Verify that Gateway Source works

Install a sample service

With automatic sidecar injection:

$ kubectl apply -f https://raw.githubusercontent.com/istio/istio/release-1.20/samples/httpbin/httpbin.yaml

Using a Gateway as a source

Deploy the Gateway API configuration including a single exposed route (i.e., /get):

kubectl create namespace istio-ingress
kubectl apply -f - <<EOF
apiVersion: gateway.networking.k8s.io/v1beta1
kind: Gateway
metadata:
  name: gateway
  namespace: istio-ingress
  annotations:
    dns.gardener.cloud/dnsnames: "*.example.com"
    dns.gardener.cloud/class: garden
spec:
  gatewayClassName: istio
  listeners:
  - name: default
    hostname: "*.example.com"  # this is used by dns-controller-manager to extract DNS names
    port: 80
    protocol: HTTP
    allowedRoutes:
      namespaces:
        from: All
---
apiVersion: gateway.networking.k8s.io/v1beta1
kind: HTTPRoute
metadata:
  name: http
  namespace: default
spec:
  parentRefs:
  - name: gateway
    namespace: istio-ingress
  hostnames: ["httpbin.example.com"]  # this is used by dns-controller-manager to extract DNS names too
  rules:
  - matches:
    - path:
        type: PathPrefix
        value: /get
    backendRefs:
    - name: httpbin
      port: 8000
EOF

You should now see events in the namespace of the gateway:

$ kubectl -n istio-system get events --sort-by={.metadata.creationTimestamp}
LAST SEEN   TYPE      REASON                 OBJECT                                       MESSAGE
...
38s         Normal    dns-annotation         service/gateway-istio                      httpbin.example.com: created dns entry object shoot--foo--bar/gateway-istio-service-zpf8n
38s         Normal    dns-annotation         service/gateway-istio                      httpbin.example.com: dns entry pending: waiting for dns reconciliation
38s         Normal    dns-annotation         service/gateway-istio                      httpbin.example.com: dns entry is pending
36s         Normal    dns-annotation         service/gateway-istio                      httpbin.example.com: dns entry active

Using a HTTPRoute as a source

If the Gateway resource is annotated with dns.gardener.cloud/dnsnames: "*", hostnames from all referencing HTTPRoute resources are automatically extracted. These resources don’t need an additional annotation.

Deploy the Gateway API configuration including a single exposed route (i.e., /get):

kubectl create namespace istio-ingress
kubectl apply -f - <<EOF
apiVersion: gateway.networking.k8s.io/v1beta1
kind: Gateway
metadata:
  name: gateway
  namespace: istio-ingress
  annotations:
    dns.gardener.cloud/dnsnames: "*"
    dns.gardener.cloud/class: garden
spec:
  gatewayClassName: istio
  listeners:
  - name: default
    hostname: null  # not set 
    port: 80
    protocol: HTTP
    allowedRoutes:
      namespaces:
        from: All
---
apiVersion: gateway.networking.k8s.io/v1beta1
kind: HTTPRoute
metadata:
  name: http
  namespace: default
spec:
  parentRefs:
  - name: gateway
    namespace: istio-ingress
  hostnames: ["httpbin.example.com"]  # this is used by dns-controller-manager to extract DNS names too
  rules:
  - matches:
    - path:
        type: PathPrefix
        value: /get
    backendRefs:
    - name: httpbin
      port: 8000
EOF

This should show a similar events as above.

Access the sample service using `curl`

$ curl -I http://httpbin.example.com/get
HTTP/1.1 200 OK
server: istio-envoy
date: Tue, 13 Feb 2024 08:09:41 GMT
content-type: application/json
content-length: 701
access-control-allow-origin: *
access-control-allow-credentials: true
x-envoy-upstream-service-time: 19

Accessing any other URL that has not been explicitly exposed should return an HTTP 404 error:

$ curl -I http://httpbin.example.com/headers
HTTP/1.1 404 Not Found
date: Tue, 13 Feb 2024 08:09:41 GMT
server: istio-envoy
transfer-encoding: chunked

5.2.6 - Istio Gateways

Using annotated Istio Gateway and/or Istio Virtual Service as Source

This tutorial describes how to use annotated Istio Gateway resources as source for DNSEntries with the Gardener shoot-dns-service extension.

Install Istio on your cluster

Using a new or existing shoot cluster, follow the Istio Getting Started to download and install Istio.

These are the typical commands for the istio demo installation

export KUEBCONFIG=...
curl -L https://istio.io/downloadIstio | sh -
istioctl install --set profile=demo -y
kubectl label namespace default istio-injection=enabled

Verify that Istio Gateway/VirtualService Source works

Install a sample service

With automatic sidecar injection:

$ kubectl apply -f https://raw.githubusercontent.com/istio/istio/release-1.20/samples/httpbin/httpbin.yaml

Using a Gateway as a source

Create an Istio Gateway:

$ cat <<EOF | kubectl apply -f -
apiVersion: networking.istio.io/v1alpha3
kind: Gateway
metadata:
  name: httpbin-gateway
  namespace: istio-system
  annotations:
    dns.gardener.cloud/dnsnames: "*"
    dns.gardener.cloud/class: garden
spec:
  selector:
    istio: ingressgateway # use Istio default gateway implementation
  servers:
  - port:
      number: 80
      name: http
      protocol: HTTP
    hosts:
    - "httpbin.example.com" # this is used by the dns-controller-manager to extract DNS names
EOF

Configure routes for traffic entering via the Gateway:

$ cat <<EOF | kubectl apply -f -
apiVersion: networking.istio.io/v1alpha3
kind: VirtualService
metadata:
  name: httpbin
  namespace: default
spec:
  hosts:
  - "httpbin.example.com" # this is also used by the dns-controller-manager to extract DNS names
  gateways:
  - istio-system/httpbin-gateway
  http:
  - match:
    - uri:
        prefix: /status
    - uri:
        prefix: /delay
    route:
    - destination:
        port:
          number: 8000
        host: httpbin
EOF

You should now see events in the namespace of the gateway:

$ kubectl -n istio-system get events --sort-by={.metadata.creationTimestamp}
LAST SEEN   TYPE      REASON                 OBJECT                                       MESSAGE
...
38s         Normal    dns-annotation         gateway/httpbin-gateway                      httpbin.example.com: created dns entry object shoot--foo--bar/httpbin-gateway-gateway-zpf8n
38s         Normal    dns-annotation         gateway/httpbin-gateway                      httpbin.example.com: dns entry pending: waiting for dns reconciliation
38s         Normal    dns-annotation         gateway/httpbin-gateway                      httpbin.example.com: dns entry is pending
36s         Normal    dns-annotation         gateway/httpbin-gateway                      httpbin.example.com: dns entry active

Using a VirtualService as a source

If the Gateway resource is annotated with dns.gardener.cloud/dnsnames: "*", hosts from all referencing VirtualServices resources are automatically extracted. These resources don’t need an additional annotation.

Create an Istio Gateway:

$ cat <<EOF | kubectl apply -f -
apiVersion: networking.istio.io/v1alpha3
kind: Gateway
metadata:
  name: httpbin-gateway
  namespace: istio-system
  annotations:
    dns.gardener.cloud/dnsnames: "*"
    dns.gardener.cloud/class: garden
spec:
  selector:
    istio: ingressgateway # use Istio default gateway implementation
  servers:
  - port:
      number: 80
      name: http
      protocol: HTTP
    hosts:
    - "*"
EOF

Configure routes for traffic entering via the Gateway:

$ cat <<EOF | kubectl apply -f -
apiVersion: networking.istio.io/v1alpha3
kind: VirtualService
metadata:
  name: httpbin
  namespace: default  
spec:
  hosts:
  - "httpbin.example.com" # this is used by dns-controller-manager to extract DNS names
  gateways:
  - istio-system/httpbin-gateway
  http:
  - match:
    - uri:
        prefix: /status
    - uri:
        prefix: /delay
    route:
    - destination:
        port:
          number: 8000
        host: httpbin
EOF

This should show a similar events as above.

To get the targets to the extracted DNS names, the shoot-dns-service controller is able to gather information from the kubernetes service of the Istio Ingress Gateway.

Note: It is also possible to set the targets my specifying an Ingress resource using the dns.gardener.cloud/ingress annotation on the Istio Ingress Gateway resource.

Note: It is also possible to set the targets manually by using the dns.gardener.cloud/targets annotation on the Istio Ingress Gateway resource.

Access the sample service using `curl`

$ curl -I http://httpbin.example.com/status/200
HTTP/1.1 200 OK
server: istio-envoy
date: Tue, 13 Feb 2024 07:49:37 GMT
content-type: text/html; charset=utf-8
access-control-allow-origin: *
access-control-allow-credentials: true
content-length: 0
x-envoy-upstream-service-time: 15

Accessing any other URL that has not been explicitly exposed should return an HTTP 404 error:

$ curl -I http://httpbin.example.com/headers
HTTP/1.1 404 Not Found
date: Tue, 13 Feb 2024 08:09:41 GMT
server: istio-envoy
transfer-encoding: chunked

5.3 - Egress filtering

Gardener extension controller for egress filtering for shoot clusters

Gardener Extension for Networking Filter

Project Gardener implements the automated management and operation of Kubernetes clusters as a service. Its main principle is to leverage Kubernetes concepts for all of its tasks.

This controller implements Gardener’s extension contract for the shoot-networking-filter extension.

An example for a ControllerRegistration resource that can be used to register this controller to Gardener can be found here.

Please find more information regarding the extensibility concepts and a detailed proposal here.

Extension Resources

Currently there is nothing to specify in the extension spec.

Example extension resource:

apiVersion: extensions.gardener.cloud/v1alpha1
kind: Extension
metadata:
  name: extension-shoot-networking-filter
  namespace: shoot--project--abc
spec:

When an extension resource is reconciled, the extension controller will create a daemonset egress-filter-applier on the shoot containing a Dockerfile container.

Please note, this extension controller relies on the Gardener-Resource-Manager to deploy k8s resources to seed and shoot clusters.

How to start using or developing this extension controller locally

You can run the controller locally on your machine by executing make start.

We are using Go modules for Golang package dependency management and Ginkgo/Gomega for testing.

Feedback and Support

Feedback and contributions are always welcome. Please report bugs or suggestions as GitHub issues or join our Slack channel #gardener (please invite yourself to the Kubernetes workspace here).

Learn more!

Please find further resources about out project here:

5.3.1 - Deployment

Gardener Networking Policy Filter for Shoots

Introduction

Gardener allows shoot clusters to filter egress traffic on node level. To support this the Gardener must be installed with the shoot-networking-filter extension.

Configuration

To generally enable the networking filter for shoot objects the shoot-networking-filter extension must be registered by providing an appropriate extension registration in the garden cluster.

Here it is possible to decide whether the extension should be always available for all shoots or whether the extension must be separately enabled per shoot.

If the extension should be used for all shoots the globallyEnabled flag should be set to true.

apiVersion: core.gardener.cloud/v1beta1
kind: ControllerRegistration
...
spec:
  resources:
    - kind: Extension
      type: shoot-networking-filter
      globallyEnabled: true

ControllerRegistration

An example of a ControllerRegistration for the shoot-networking-filter can be found at controller-registration.yaml.

The ControllerRegistration contains a Helm chart which eventually deploys the shoot-networking-filter to seed clusters. It offers some configuration options, mainly to set up a static filter list or provide the configuration for downloading the filter list from a service endpoint.

apiVersion: core.gardener.cloud/v1beta1
kind: ControllerDeployment
...
  values:
    egressFilter:
      blackholingEnabled: true

      filterListProviderType: static
      staticFilterList:
        - network: 1.2.3.4/31
          policy: BLOCK_ACCESS
        - network: 5.6.7.8/32
          policy: BLOCK_ACCESS
        - network: ::2/128
          policy: BLOCK_ACCESS

      #filterListProviderType: download
      #downloaderConfig:
      #  endpoint: https://my.filter.list.server/lists/policy
      #  oauth2Endpoint: https://my.auth.server/oauth2/token
      #  refreshPeriod: 1h

      ## if the downloader needs an OAuth2 access token, client credentials can be provided with oauth2Secret
      #oauth2Secret:
      # clientID: 1-2-3-4
      # clientSecret: secret!!
      ## either clientSecret of client certificate is required
      # client.crt.pem: |
      #   -----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
      #   ...
      #   -----END CERTIFICATE-----
      # client.key.pem: |
      #   -----BEGIN PRIVATE KEY-----
      #   ...
      #   -----END PRIVATE KEY-----

Enablement for a Shoot

If the shoot networking filter is not globally enabled by default (depends on the extension registration on the garden cluster), it can be enabled per shoot. To enable the service for a shoot, the shoot manifest must explicitly add the shoot-networking-filter extension.

apiVersion: core.gardener.cloud/v1beta1
kind: Shoot
...
spec:
  extensions:
    - type: shoot-networking-filter
...

If the shoot networking filter is globally enabled by default, it can be disabled per shoot. To disable the service for a shoot, the shoot manifest must explicitly state it.

apiVersion: core.gardener.cloud/v1beta1
kind: Shoot
...
spec:
  extensions:
    - type: shoot-networking-filter
      disabled: true
...

5.3.2 - Shoot Networking Filter

Register Shoot Networking Filter Extension in Shoot Clusters

Introduction

Within a shoot cluster, it is possible to enable the networking filter. It is necessary that the Gardener installation your shoot cluster runs in is equipped with a shoot-networking-filter extension. Please ask your Gardener operator if the extension is available in your environment.

Shoot Feature Gate

In most of the Gardener setups the shoot-networking-filter extension is not enabled globally and thus must be configured per shoot cluster. Please adapt the shoot specification by the configuration shown below to activate the extension individually.

kind: Shoot
...
spec:
  extensions:
    - type: shoot-networking-filter
...

Opt-out

If the shoot networking filter is globally enabled by default, it can be disabled per shoot. To disable the service for a shoot, the shoot manifest must explicitly state it.

apiVersion: core.gardener.cloud/v1beta1
kind: Shoot
...
spec:
  extensions:
    - type: shoot-networking-filter
      disabled: true
...

Ingress Filtering

By default, the networking filter only filters egress traffic. However, if you enable blackholing, incoming traffic will also be blocked. You can enable blackholing on a per-shoot basis.

apiVersion: core.gardener.cloud/v1beta1
kind: Shoot
...
spec:
  extensions:
    - type: shoot-networking-filter
      providerConfig:
        egressFilter:
          blackholingEnabled: true
...

Ingress traffic can only be blocked by blackhole routing, if the source IP address is preserved. On Azure, GCP and AliCloud this works by default. The default on AWS is a classic load balancer that replaces the source IP by it’s own IP address. Here, a network load balancer has to be configured adding the annotation service.beta.kubernetes.io/aws-load-balancer-type: "nlb" to the service. On OpenStack, load balancers don’t preserve the source address.

Please note that if you disable blackholing in an existing shoot, the associated blackhole routes will not be removed automatically. To remove these routes, you can either replace the affected nodes or delete the routes manually.

Custom IP

It is possible to add custom IP addresses to the network filter. This can be useful for testing purposes.

apiVersion: core.gardener.cloud/v1beta1
kind: Shoot
...
spec:
  extensions:
    - type: shoot-networking-filter
      providerConfig:
        egressFilter:
          staticFilterList:
          - network: 1.2.3.4/31
            policy: BLOCK_ACCESS
          - network: 5.6.7.8/32
            policy: BLOCK_ACCESS
          - network: ::2/128
            policy: BLOCK_ACCESS
...

5.4 - Lakom service

A k8s admission controller verifying pods are using signed images (cosign signatures) and a gardener extension to install it for shoots and seeds.

Gardener Extension for lakom services

Project Gardener implements the automated management and operation of Kubernetes clusters as a service. Its main principle is to leverage Kubernetes concepts for all of its tasks.

This controller implements Gardener’s extension contract for the shoot-lakom-service extension.

An example for a ControllerRegistration resource that can be used to register this controller to Gardener can be found here.

Please find more information regarding the extensibility concepts and a detailed proposal here.

Lakom Admission Controller

Lakom is kubernetes admission controller which purpose is to implement cosign image signature verification against public cosign key. It also takes care to resolve image tags to sha256 digests. It also caches all OCI artifacts to reduce the load toward the OCI registry.

Extension Resources

Example extension resource:

apiVersion: extensions.gardener.cloud/v1alpha1
kind: Extension
metadata:
  name: extension-shoot-lakom-service
  namespace: shoot--project--abc
spec:
  type: shoot-lakom-service

When an extension resource is reconciled, the extension controller will create an instance of lakom admission controller. These resources are placed inside the shoot namespace on the seed. Also, the controller takes care about generating necessary RBAC resources for the seed as well as for the shoot.

Please note, this extension controller relies on the Gardener-Resource-Manager to deploy k8s resources to seed and shoot clusters.

How to start using or developing this extension controller locally

The Lakom admission controller can be configured with make dev-setup and started with make start-lakom. You can run the lakom extension controller locally on your machine by executing make start.

We are using Go modules for Golang package dependency management and Ginkgo/Gomega for testing.

Feedback and Support

Feedback and contributions are always welcome. Please report bugs or suggestions as GitHub issues or join our Slack channel #gardener (please invite yourself to the Kubernetes workspace here).

Learn more!

Please find further resources about out project here:

5.4.1 - Deployment

Gardener Lakom Service for Shoots

Introduction

Gardener allows Shoot clusters to use Lakom admission controller for cosign image signing verification. To support this the Gardener must be installed with the shoot-lakom-service extension.

Configuration

To generally enable the Lakom service for shoot objects the shoot-lakom-service extension must be registered by providing an appropriate extension registration in the garden cluster.

Here it is possible to decide whether the extension should be always available for all shoots or whether the extension must be separately enabled per shoot.

If the extension should be used for all shoots the globallyEnabled flag should be set to true.

spec:
  resources:
    - kind: Extension
      type: shoot-lakom-service
      globallyEnabled: true

Shoot Feature Gate

If the shoot Lakom service is not globally enabled by default (depends on the extension registration on the garden cluster), it can be enabled per shoot. To enable the service for a shoot, the shoot manifest must explicitly add the shoot-lakom-service extension.

...
spec:
  extensions:
    - type: shoot-lakom-service
...

If the shoot Lakom service is globally enabled by default, it can be disabled per shoot. To disable the service for a shoot, the shoot manifest must explicitly state it.

...
spec:
  extensions:
    - type: shoot-lakom-service
      disabled: true
...

5.4.2 - Shoot Extension

Introduction

This extension implements cosign image verification. It is strictly limited only to the kubernetes system components deployed by Gardener and other Gardener Extensions in the kube-system namespace of a shoot cluster.

Shoot Feature Gate

In most of the Gardener setups the shoot-lakom-service extension is enabled globally and thus can be configured per shoot cluster. Please adapt the shoot specification by the configuration shown below to disable the extension individually.

kind: Shoot
...
spec:
  extensions:
  - type: shoot-lakom-service
    disabled: true
...

5.5 - Networking problemdetector

Gardener extension for deploying network problem detector

Gardener Extension for Network Problem Detector

Project Gardener implements the automated management and operation of Kubernetes clusters as a service. Its main principle is to leverage Kubernetes concepts for all of its tasks.

This controller implements Gardener’s extension contract for the shoot-networking-problemdetector extension.

An example for a ControllerRegistration resource that can be used to register this controller to Gardener can be found here.

Please find more information regarding the extensibility concepts and a detailed proposal here.

Extension Resources

Currently there is nothing to specify in the extension spec.

Example extension resource:

apiVersion: extensions.gardener.cloud/v1alpha1
kind: Extension
metadata:
  name: extension-shoot-networking-problemdetector
  namespace: shoot--project--abc
spec:

When an extension resource is reconciled, the extension controller will create two daemonsets nwpd-agent-pod-net and nwpd-agent-node-net deploying the “network problem detector agent”. These daemon sets perform and collect various checks between all nodes of the Kubernetes cluster, to its Kube API server and/or external endpoints. Checks are performed using TCP connections, PING (ICMP) or mDNS (UDP). More details about the network problem detector agent can be found in its repository gardener/network-problem-detector.

Please note, this extension controller relies on the Gardener-Resource-Manager to deploy k8s resources to seed and shoot clusters.

How to start using or developing this extension controller locally

You can run the controller locally on your machine by executing make start.

We are using Go modules for Golang package dependency management and Ginkgo/Gomega for testing.

Feedback and Support

Feedback and contributions are always welcome. Please report bugs or suggestions as GitHub issues or join our Slack channel #gardener (please invite yourself to the Kubernetes workspace here).

Learn more!

Please find further resources about out project here:

5.5.1 - Deployment

Gardener Networking Policy Filter for Shoots

Introduction

Gardener allows shoot clusters to add network problem observability using the network problem detector. To support this the Gardener must be installed with the shoot-networking-problemdetector extension.

Configuration

To generally enable the networking problem detector for shoot objects the shoot-networking-problemdetector extension must be registered by providing an appropriate extension registration in the garden cluster.

Here it is possible to decide whether the extension should be always available for all shoots or whether the extension must be separately enabled per shoot.

If the extension should be used for all shoots the globallyEnabled flag should be set to true.

apiVersion: core.gardener.cloud/v1beta1
kind: ControllerRegistration
...
spec:
  resources:
    - kind: Extension
      type: shoot-networking-problemdetector
      globallyEnabled: true

ControllerRegistration

An example of a ControllerRegistration for the shoot-networking-problemdetector can be found at controller-registration.yaml.

The ControllerRegistration contains a Helm chart which eventually deploys the shoot-networking-problemdetector to seed clusters. It offers some configuration options, mainly to set up a static filter list or provide the configuration for downloading the filter list from a service endpoint.

apiVersion: core.gardener.cloud/v1beta1
kind: ControllerDeployment
...
  values:
    #networkProblemDetector:
    #  defaultPeriod: 30s

Enablement for a Shoot

If the shoot network problem detector is not globally enabled by default (depends on the extension registration on the garden cluster), it can be enabled per shoot. To enable the service for a shoot, the shoot manifest must explicitly add the shoot-networking-problemdetector extension.

apiVersion: core.gardener.cloud/v1beta1
kind: Shoot
...
spec:
  extensions:
    - type: shoot-networking-problemdetector
...

If the shoot network problem detector is globally enabled by default, it can be disabled per shoot. To disable the service for a shoot, the shoot manifest must explicitly state it.

apiVersion: core.gardener.cloud/v1beta1
kind: Shoot
...
spec:
  extensions:
    - type: shoot-networking-problemdetector
      disabled: true
...

5.5.2 - Shoot Networking Problemdetector

Register Shoot Networking Filter Extension in Shoot Clusters

Introduction

Within a shoot cluster, it is possible to enable the network problem detector. It is necessary that the Gardener installation your shoot cluster runs in is equipped with a shoot-networking-problemdetector extension. Please ask your Gardener operator if the extension is available in your environment.

Shoot Feature Gate

In most of the Gardener setups the shoot-networking-problemdetector extension is not enabled globally and thus must be configured per shoot cluster. Please adapt the shoot specification by the configuration shown below to activate the extension individually.

kind: Shoot
...
spec:
  extensions:
    - type: shoot-networking-problemdetector
...

Opt-out

If the shoot network problem detector is globally enabled by default, it can be disabled per shoot. To disable the service for a shoot, the shoot manifest must explicitly state it.

apiVersion: core.gardener.cloud/v1beta1
kind: Shoot
...
spec:
  extensions:
    - type: shoot-networking-problemdetector
      disabled: true
...

5.6 - Node Audit Logging

Gardener extension controller which configures the rsyslog and auditd services installed on shoot nodes.

Gardener Extension to configure rsyslog with relp module

Gardener extension controller which configures the rsyslog and auditd services installed on shoot nodes.

Usage

Configuring the Rsyslog Relp Extension - learn what is the use-case for rsyslog-relp, how to enable it and configure it

Local Setup and Development

Deploying the Rsyslog Relp Extension Locally - learn how to set up a local development environment
Developer Docs for Gardener Shoot Rsyslog Relp Extension - learn about the inner workings

5.6.1 - Configuration

Configuring the Rsyslog Relp Extension

Introduction

As a cluster owner, you might need audit logs on a Shoot node level. With these audit logs you can track actions on your nodes like privilege escalation, file integrity, process executions, and who is the user that performed these actions. Such information is essential for the security of your Shoot cluster. Linux operating systems collect such logs via the auditd and journald daemons. However, these logs can be lost if they are only kept locally on the operating system. You need a reliable way to send them to a remote server where they can be stored for longer time periods and retrieved when necessary.

Rsyslog offers a solution for that. It gathers and processes logs from auditd and journald and then forwards them to a remote server. Moreover, rsyslog can make use of the RELP protocol so that logs are sent reliably and no messages are lost.

The shoot-rsyslog-relp extension is used to configure rsyslog on each Shoot node so that the following can take place:

Rsyslog reads logs from the auditd and journald sockets.
The logs are filtered based on the program name and syslog severity of the message.
The logs are enriched with metadata containing the name of the Project in which the Shoot is created, the name of the Shoot, the UID of the Shoot, and the hostname of the node on which the log event occurred.
The enriched logs are sent to the target remote server via the RELP protocol.

The following graph shows a rough outline of how that looks in a Shoot cluster: rsyslog-logging-architecture

Shoot Configuration

The extension is not globally enabled and must be configured per Shoot cluster. The Shoot specification has to be adapted to include the shoot-rsyslog-relp extension configuration, which specifies the target server to which logs are forwarded, its port, and some optional rsyslog settings described in the examples below.

Below is an example shoot-rsyslog-relp extension configuration as part of the Shoot spec:

kind: Shoot
metadata:
  name: bar
  namespace: garden-foo
...
spec:
  extensions:
  - type: shoot-rsyslog-relp
    providerConfig:
      apiVersion: rsyslog-relp.extensions.gardener.cloud/v1alpha1
      kind: RsyslogRelpConfig
      # Set the target server to which logs are sent. The server must support the RELP protocol.
      target: some.rsyslog-rlep.server
      # Set the port of the target server.
      port: 10250
      # Define rules to select logs from which programs and with what syslog severity
      # are forwarded to the target server.
      loggingRules:
      - severity: 4
        programNames: ["kubelet", "audisp-syslog"]
      - severity: 1
        programNames: ["audisp-syslog"]
      # Define an interval of 90 seconds at which the current connection is broken and re-established.
      # By default this value is 0 which means that the connection is never broken and re-established.
      rebindInterval: 90
      # Set the timeout for relp sessions to 90 seconds. If set too low, valid sessions may be considered
      # dead and tried to recover.
      timeout: 90
      # Set how often an action is retried before it is considered to have failed.
      # Failed actions discard log messages. Setting `-1` here means that messages are never discarded.
      resumeRetryCount: -1
      # Configures rsyslog to report continuation of action suspension, e.g. when the connection to the target
      # server is broken.
      reportSuspensionContinuation: true
      # Add tls settings if tls should be used to encrypt the connection to the target server.
      tls:
        enabled: true
        # Use `name` authentication mode for the tls connection.
        authMode: name
        # Only allow connections if the server's name is `some.rsyslog-rlep.server`
        permittedPeer:
        - "some.rsyslog-rlep.server"
        # Reference to the resource which contains certificates used for the tls connection.
        # It must be added to the `.spec.resources` field of the Shoot.
        secretReferenceName: rsyslog-relp-tls
        # Instruct librelp on the Shoot nodes to use the gnutls tls library.
        tlsLib: gnutls
  resources:
    # Add the rsyslog-relp-tls secret in the resources field of the Shoot spec.
    - name: rsyslog-relp-tls
      resourceRef:
        apiVersion: v1
        kind: Secret
        name: rsyslog-relp-tls-v1
...

Choosing Which Log Messages to Send to the Target Server

The .loggingRules field defines rules about which logs should be sent to the target server. When a log is processed by rsyslog, it is compared against the list of rules in order. If the program name and the syslog severity of the log messages matches the rule, the message is forwarded to the target server. The following table describes the syslog severity and their corresponding codes:

Numerical         Severity
  Code

  0               Emergency: system is unusable
  1               Alert: action must be taken immediately
  2               Critical: critical conditions
  3               Error: error conditions
  4               Warning: warning conditions
  5               Notice: normal but significant condition
  6               Informational: informational messages
  7               Debug: debug-level messages

Below is an example with a .loggingRules section that will only forward logs from the kubelet program with syslog severity of 6 or lower and any other program with syslog severity of 2 or lower:

apiVersion: rsyslog-relp.extensions.gardener.cloud/v1alpha1
kind: RsyslogRelpConfig
target: localhost
port: 1520
loggingRules:
- severity: 6
  programNames: ["kubelet"]
- severity: 2

You can use a minimal shoot-rsyslog-relp extension configuration to forward all logs to the target server:

apiVersion: rsyslog-relp.extensions.gardener.cloud/v1alpha1
kind: RsyslogRelpConfig
target: some.rsyslog-rlep.server
port: 10250
loggingRules:
- severity: 7

Securing the Communication to the Target Server with TLS

The communication to the target server is not encrypted by default. To enable encryption, set the .tls.enabled field in the shoot-rsyslog-relp extension configuration to true. In this case, a secret which contains the TLS certificates used to establish the TLS connection to the server must be created in the same project namespace as your Shoot.

An example Secret is given below:

kind: Secret
apiVersion: v1
metadata:
  name: rsyslog-relp-tls-v1
  namespace: garden-foo
data:
  ca: |
    -----BEGIN BEGIN RSA PRIVATE KEY-----
    ...
    -----END RSA PRIVATE KEY-----    
  crt: |
    -----BEGIN BEGIN RSA PRIVATE KEY-----
    ...
    -----END RSA PRIVATE KEY-----    
  key: |
    -----BEGIN BEGIN RSA PRIVATE KEY-----
    ...
    -----END RSA PRIVATE KEY-----

The Secret must be referenced in the Shoot’s .spec.resources field and the corresponding resource entry must be referenced in the .tls.secretReferenceName of the shoot-rsyslog-relp extension configuration:

kind: Shoot
metadata:
  name: bar
  namespace: garden-foo
...
spec:
  extensions:
  - type: shoot-rsyslog-relp
    providerConfig:
      apiVersion: rsyslog-relp.extensions.gardener.cloud/v1alpha1
      kind: RsyslogRelpConfig
      target: some.rsyslog-rlep.server
      port: 10250
      loggingRules:
      - severity: 7
      tls:
        enabled: true
        secretReferenceName: rsyslog-relp-tls
  resources:
    - name: rsyslog-relp-tls
      resourceRef:
        apiVersion: v1
        kind: Secret
        name: rsyslog-relp-tls-v1
...

You can set a few additional parameters for the TLS connection: .tls.authMode, tls.permittedPeer, and tls.tlsLib. Refer to the rsyslog documentation for more information on these parameters:

5.6.2 - Getting Started

Deploying Rsyslog Relp Extension Locally

This document will walk you through running the Rsyslog Relp extension and a fake rsyslog relp service on your local machine for development purposes. This guide uses Gardener’s local development setup and builds on top of it.

If you encounter difficulties, please open an issue so that we can make this process easier.

Prerequisites

Make sure that you have a running local Gardener setup. The steps to complete this can be found here.
Make sure you are running Gardener version >= 1.74.0 or the latest version of the master branch.

Setting up the Rsyslog Relp Extension

Important: Make sure that your KUBECONFIG env variable is targeting the local Gardener cluster!

make extension-up

This will build the shoot-rsyslog-relp, shoot-rsyslog-relp-admission, and shoot-rsyslog-relp-echo-server images and deploy the needed resources and configurations in the garden cluster. The shoot-rsyslog-relp-echo-server will act as development replacement of a real rsyslog relp server.

Creating a Shoot Cluster

Once the above step is completed, we can deploy and configure a Shoot cluster with default rsyslog relp settings.

kubectl apply -f ./example/shoot.yaml

Once the Shoot’s namespace is created, we can create a networkpolicy that will allow egress traffic from the rsyslog on the Shoot’s nodes to the rsyslog-relp-echo-server that serves as a fake rsyslog target server.

kubectl apply -f ./example/local/allow-machine-to-rsyslog-relp-echo-server-netpol.yaml

Currently, the Shoot’s nodes run Ubuntu, which does not have the rsyslog-relp and auditd packages installed, so the configuration done by the extension has no effect. Once the Shoot is created, we have to manually install the rsyslog-relp and auditd packages:

kubectl -n shoot--local--local exec -it $(kubectl -n shoot--local--local get po -l app=machine,machine-provider=local -o name) -- bash -c "
   apt-get update && \
   apt-get install -y rsyslog-relp auditd && \
   systemctl enable rsyslog.service && \
   systemctl start rsyslog.service"

Once that is done we can verify that log messages are forwarded to the rsyslog-relp-echo-server by checking its logs.

kubectl -n rsyslog-relp-echo-server logs deployment/rsyslog-relp-echo-server

Making Changes to the Rsyslog Relp Extension

Changes to the rsyslog relp extension can be applied to the local environment by repeatedly running the make recipe.

make extension-up

Tearing Down the Development Environment

To tear down the development environment, delete the Shoot cluster or disable the shoot-rsyslog-relp extension in the Shoot’s spec. When the extension is not used by the Shoot anymore, you can run:

make extension-down

This will delete the ControllerRegistration and ControllerDeployment of the extension, the shoot-rsyslog-relp-admission deployment, and the rsyslog-relp-echo-server deployment.

Maintaining the Publicly Available Image for the rsyslog-relp Echo Server

The testmachinery tests use an rsyslog-relp-echo-server image from a publicly available repository. The one which is currently used is eu.gcr.io/gardener-project/gardener/extensions/shoot-rsyslog-relp-echo-server:v0.1.0.

Sometimes it might be necessary to update the image and publish it, e.g. when updating the alpine base image version specified in the repository’s Dokerfile.

To do that:

Bump the version with which the image is built in the Makefile.
Build the shoot-rsyslog-relp-echo-server image:
```
make echo-server-docker-image
```
Once the image is built, push it to gcr with:
```
make push-echo-server-image
```
Finally, bump the version of the image used by the testmachinery tests here.
Create a PR with the changes.

5.6.3 - Shoot Rsyslog Relp

Developer Docs for Gardener Shoot Rsyslog Relp Extension

This document outlines how Shoot reconciliation and deletion works for a Shoot with the shoot-rsyslog-relp extension enabled.

Shoot Reconciliation

This section outlines how the reconciliation works for a Shoot with the shoot-rsyslog-relp extension enabled.

Extension Enablement / Reconciliation

This section outlines how the extension enablement/reconciliation works, e.g., the extension has been added to the Shoot spec.

As part of the Shoot reconciliation flow, the gardenlet deploys the Extension resource.
The shoot-rsyslog-relp extension reconciles the Extension resource. pkg/controller/lifecycle/actuator.go contains the implementation of the extension.Actuator interface. The reconciliation of an Extension of type shoot-rsyslog-relp only deploys the necessary monitoring configuration - the shoot-rsyslog-relp-prometheus ConfigMap which contains the definitions for: scraping metrics by prometheus, alerting rules, and the Plutono dashboard for the Rsyslog component.
As part of the Shoot reconciliation flow, the gardenlet deploys the OperatingSystemConfig resource.
The shoot-rsyslog-relp extension serves a webhook that mutates the OperatingSystemConfig resource for Shoots having the shoot-rsyslog-relp extension enabled (the corresponding namespace gets labeled by the gardenlet with extensions.gardener.cloud/shoot-rsyslog-relp=true). pkg/webhook/operatingsystemconfig/ensurer.go contains implementation of the genericmutator.Ensurer interface.
1. The webhook renders the 60-audit.conf.tpl template script and appends it to the OperatingSystemConfig files. When rendering the template, the configuration of the shoot-rsyslog-relp extension is used to fill in the required template values. The file is installed as /var/lib/rsyslog-relp-configurator/rsyslog.d/60-audit.conf on the host OS.
2. The webhook appends the audit rules to the OperatingSystemConfig. The files are installed under /var/lib/rsyslog-relp-configurator/rules.d on the host OS.
3. The webhook renders the configure-rsyslog.tpl.sh script and appends it to the OperatingSystemConfig files. This script is installed as /var/lib/rsyslog-relp-configurator/configure-rsyslog.sh on the host OS. It keeps the configuration of the rsyslog systemd service up-to-date by copying /var/lib/rsyslog-relp-configurator/rsyslog.d/60-audit.conf to /etc/rsyslog.d/60-audit.conf, if /etc/rsyslog.d/60-audit.conf does not exist or the files differ. The script also takes care of syncing the audit rules in /etc/audit/rules.d with the ones installed in /var/lib/rsyslog-relp-configurator/rules.d and restarts the auditd systemd service if necessary.
4. The webhook renders the process-rsyslog-pstats.tpl.sh and appends it to the OperatingSystemConfig files. This script receives metrics from the rsyslog process, transforms them, and writes them to /var/lib/node-exporter/textfile-collector/rsyslog_pstats.prom so that they can be collected by the node-exporter.
5. As part of the Shoot reconciliation, before the shoot-rsyslog-relp extension is deployed, the gardenlet copies all Secret and ConfigMap resources referenced in .spec.resources[] to the Shoot’s control plane namespace on the Seed. When the .tls.enabled field is true in the shoot-rsyslog-relp extension configuration, a value for .tls.secretReferenceName must also be specified so that it references a named resource reference in the Shoot’s .spec.resources[] array. The webhook appends the data of the referenced Secret in the Shoot’s control plane namespace to the OperatingSystemConfig files.
6. The webhook appends the rsyslog-configurator.service unit to the OperatingSystemConfig units. The unit invokes the configure-rsyslog.sh script every 15 seconds.

Extension Disablement

This section outlines how the extension disablement works, i.e., the extension has to be removed from the Shoot spec.

As part of the Shoot reconciliation flow, the gardenlet destroys the Extension resource because it is no longer needed.
1. As part of the deletion flow, the shoot-rsyslog-relp extension deploys the rsyslog-relp-configuration-cleaner DaemonSet to the Shoot cluster to clean up the existing rsyslog configuration and revert the audit rules.

Shoot Deletion

This section outlines how the deletion works for a Shoot with the shoot-rsyslog-relp extension enabled.

As part of the Shoot deletion flow, the gardenlet destroys the Extension resource.
1. In the Shoot deletion flow, the Extension resource is deleted after the Worker resource. Hence, there is no need to deploy the rsyslog-relp-configuration-cleaner DaemonSet to the Shoot cluster to clean up the existing rsyslog configuration and revert the audit rules.

5.7 - OpenID Connect services

Gardener extension controller for OpenID Connect services for shoot clusters

Gardener Extension for openid connect services

Project Gardener implements the automated management and operation of Kubernetes clusters as a service. Its main principle is to leverage Kubernetes concepts for all of its tasks.

This controller implements Gardener’s extension contract for the shoot-oidc-service extension.

An example for a ControllerRegistration resource that can be used to register this controller to Gardener can be found here.

Please find more information regarding the extensibility concepts and a detailed proposal here.

Compatibility

The following lists compatibility requirements of this extension controller with regards to other Gardener components.

OIDC Extension	Gardener	Notes
`== v0.15.0`	`>= 1.60.0 <= v1.64.0`	A typical side-effect when running Gardener < v1.63.0 is an unexpected scale-down of the OIDC webhook from `2 -> 1`.
`== v0.16.0`	`>= 1.65.0`

Extension Resources

Example extension resource:

apiVersion: extensions.gardener.cloud/v1alpha1
kind: Extension
metadata:
  name: extension-shoot-oidc-service
  namespace: shoot--project--abc
spec:
  type: shoot-oidc-service

When an extension resource is reconciled, the extension controller will create an instance of OIDC Webhook Authenticator. These resources are placed inside the shoot namespace on the seed. Also, the controller takes care about generating necessary RBAC resources for the seed as well as for the shoot.

Please note, this extension controller relies on the Gardener-Resource-Manager to deploy k8s resources to seed and shoot clusters.

How to start using or developing this extension controller locally

You can run the controller locally on your machine by executing make start.

We are using Go modules for Golang package dependency management and Ginkgo/Gomega for testing.

Feedback and Support

Feedback and contributions are always welcome. Please report bugs or suggestions as GitHub issues or join our Slack channel #gardener (please invite yourself to the Kubernetes workspace here).

Learn more!

Please find further resources about out project here:

5.7.1 - Deployment

Gardener OIDC Service for Shoots

Introduction

Gardener allows Shoot clusters to dynamically register OpenID Connect providers. To support this the Gardener must be installed with the shoot-oidc-service extension.

Configuration

To generally enable the OIDC service for shoot objects the shoot-oidc-service extension must be registered by providing an appropriate extension registration in the garden cluster.

Here it is possible to decide whether the extension should be always available for all shoots or whether the extension must be separately enabled per shoot.

If the extension should be used for all shoots the globallyEnabled flag should be set to true.

spec:
  resources:
    - kind: Extension
      type: shoot-oidc-service
      globallyEnabled: true

Shoot Feature Gate

If the shoot OIDC service is not globally enabled by default (depends on the extension registration on the garden cluster), it can be enabled per shoot. To enable the service for a shoot, the shoot manifest must explicitly add the shoot-oidc-service extension.

...
spec:
  extensions:
    - type: shoot-oidc-service
...

If the shoot OIDC service is globally enabled by default, it can be disabled per shoot. To disable the service for a shoot, the shoot manifest must explicitly state it.

...
spec:
  extensions:
    - type: shoot-oidc-service
      disabled: true
...

5.7.2 - Openidconnects

Register OpenID Connect provider in Shoot Clusters

Introduction

Within a shoot cluster, it is possible to dynamically register OpenID Connect providers. It is necessary that the Gardener installation your shoot cluster runs in is equipped with a shoot-oidc-service extension. Please ask your Gardener operator if the extension is available in your environment.

Shoot Feature Gate

In most of the Gardener setups the shoot-oidc-service extension is not enabled globally and thus must be configured per shoot cluster. Please adapt the shoot specification by the configuration shown below to activate the extension individually.

kind: Shoot
...
spec:
  extensions:
    - type: shoot-oidc-service
...

OpenID Connect provider

In order to register an OpenID Connect provider an openidconnect resource should be deployed in the shoot cluster.

It is strongly recommended to NOT disable prefixing since it may result in unwanted impersonations. The rule of thumb is to always use meaningful and unique prefixes for both username and groups. A good way to ensure this is to use the name of the openidconnect resource as shown in the example below.

apiVersion: authentication.gardener.cloud/v1alpha1
kind: OpenIDConnect
metadata:
  name: abc
spec:
  # issuerURL is the URL the provider signs ID Tokens as.
  # This will be the "iss" field of all tokens produced by the provider and is used for configuration discovery.
  issuerURL: https://abc-oidc-provider.example

  # clientID is the audience for which the JWT must be issued for, the "aud" field.
  clientID: my-shoot-cluster

  # usernameClaim is the JWT field to use as the user's username.
  usernameClaim: sub

  # usernamePrefix, if specified, causes claims mapping to username to be prefix with the provided value.
  # A value "oidc:" would result in usernames like "oidc:john".
  # If not provided, the prefix defaults to "( .metadata.name )/". The value "-" can be used to disable all prefixing.
  usernamePrefix: "abc:"

  # groupsClaim, if specified, causes the OIDCAuthenticator to try to populate the user's groups with an ID Token field.
  # If the groupsClaim field is present in an ID Token the value must be a string or list of strings.
  # groupsClaim: groups

  # groupsPrefix, if specified, causes claims mapping to group names to be prefixed with the value.
  # A value "oidc:" would result in groups like "oidc:engineering" and "oidc:marketing".
  # If not provided, the prefix defaults to "( .metadata.name )/".
  # The value "-" can be used to disable all prefixing.
  # groupsPrefix: "abc:"

  # caBundle is a PEM encoded CA bundle which will be used to validate the OpenID server's certificate. If unspecified, system's trusted certificates are used.
  # caBundle: <base64 encoded bundle>

  # supportedSigningAlgs sets the accepted set of JOSE signing algorithms that can be used by the provider to sign tokens.
  # The default value is RS256.
  # supportedSigningAlgs:
  # - RS256

  # requiredClaims, if specified, causes the OIDCAuthenticator to verify that all the
  # required claims key value pairs are present in the ID Token.
  # requiredClaims:
  #   customclaim: requiredvalue

  # maxTokenExpirationSeconds if specified, sets a limit in seconds to the maximum validity duration of a token.
  # Tokens issued with validity greater that this value will not be verified.
  # Setting this will require that the tokens have the "iat" and "exp" claims.
  # maxTokenExpirationSeconds: 3600

  # jwks if specified, provides an option to specify JWKS keys offline.
  # jwks:
  #   keys is a base64 encoded JSON webkey Set. If specified, the OIDCAuthenticator skips the request to the issuer's jwks_uri endpoint to retrieve the keys.
  #   keys: <base64 encoded jwks>

5.8 - Registry cache

Gardener extension controller which deploys pull-through caches for container registries.

Gardener Extension for Registry Cache

Gardener extension controller which deploys pull-through caches for container registries.

Usage

Configuring the Registry Cache Extension - learn what is the use-case for a pull-through cache, how to enable it and configure it
How to provide credentials for upstream repository?
Configuring the Registry Mirror Extension - learn what is the use-case for a registry mirror, how to enable and configure it

Local Setup and Development

Deploying Registry Cache Extension Locally - learn how to set up a local development environment
Developer Docs for Gardener Extension Registry Cache - learn about the inner workings

5.8.1 - Configuring the Registry Cache Extension

Learn what is the use-case for a pull-through cache, how to enable it and configure it

Configuring the Registry Cache Extension

Introduction

Use Case

For a Shoot cluster, the containerd daemon of every Node goes to the internet and fetches an image that it doesn’t have locally in the Node’s image cache. New Nodes are often created due to events such as auto-scaling (scale up), rolling update, or replacement of unhealthy Node. Such a new Node would need to pull all of the images of the Pods running on it from the internet because the Node’s cache is initially empty. Pulling an image from a registry produces network traffic and registry costs. To avoid these network traffic and registry costs, you can use the registry-cache extension to run a registry as pull-through cache.

The following diagram shows a rough outline of how an image pull looks like for a Shoot cluster without registry cache: shoot-cluster-without-registry-cache

Solution

The registry-cache extension deploys and manages a registry in the Shoot cluster that runs as pull-through cache. The used registry implementation is distribution/distribution.

How does it work?

When the extension is enabled, a registry cache for each configured upstream is deployed to the Shoot cluster. Along with this, the containerd daemon on the Shoot cluster Nodes gets configured to use as a mirror the Service IP address of the deployed registry cache. For example, if a registry cache for upstream docker.io is requested via the Shoot spec, then containerd gets configured to first pull the image from the deployed cache in the Shoot cluster. If this image pull operation fails, containerd falls back to the upstream itself (docker.io in that case).

The first time an image is requested from the pull-through cache, it pulls the image from the configured upstream registry and stores it locally, before handing it back to the client. On subsequent requests, the pull-through cache is able to serve the image from its own storage.

Note: The used registry implementation (distribution/distribution) supports mirroring of only one upstream registry.

The following diagram shows a rough outline of how an image pull looks like for a Shoot cluster with registry cache: shoot-cluster-with-registry-cache

Shoot Configuration

The extension is not globally enabled and must be configured per Shoot cluster. The Shoot specification has to be adapted to include the registry-cache extension configuration.

Below is an example of registry-cache extension configuration as part of the Shoot spec:

apiVersion: core.gardener.cloud/v1beta1
kind: Shoot
metadata:
  name: crazy-botany
  namespace: garden-dev
spec:
  extensions:
  - type: registry-cache
    providerConfig:
      apiVersion: registry.extensions.gardener.cloud/v1alpha3
      kind: RegistryConfig
      caches:
      - upstream: docker.io
        volume:
          size: 100Gi
          storageClassName: premium
      - upstream: ghcr.io
      - upstream: quay.io
        garbageCollection:
          ttl: 0s
        secretReferenceName: quay-credentials
      - upstream: my-registry.io:5000
        remoteURL: http://my-registry.io:5000
  # ...
  resources:
  - name: quay-credentials
    resourceRef:
      apiVersion: v1
      kind: Secret
      name: quay-credentials-v1

The providerConfig field is required.

The providerConfig.caches field contains information about the registry caches to deploy. It is a required field. At least one cache has to be specified.

The providerConfig.caches[].upstream field is the remote registry host to cache. It is a required field. The value must be a valid DNS subdomain (RFC 1123) and optionally a port (i.e. <host>[:<port>]). It must not include a scheme.

The providerConfig.caches[].remoteURL optional field is the remote registry URL. If configured, it must include an https:// or http:// scheme. If the field is not configured, the remote registry URL defaults to https://<upstream>. In case the upstream is docker.io, it defaults to https://registry-1.docker.io.

The providerConfig.caches[].volume field contains settings for the registry cache volume. The registry-cache extension deploys a StatefulSet with a volume claim template. A PersistentVolumeClaim is created with the configured size and StorageClass name.

The providerConfig.caches[].volume.size field is the size of the registry cache volume. Defaults to 10Gi. The size must be a positive quantity (greater than 0). This field is immutable. See Increase the cache disk size on how to resize the disk. The extension defines alerts for the volume. See Alerting for Users on how to enable notifications for Shoot cluster alerts.

The providerConfig.caches[].volume.storageClassName field is the name of the StorageClass used by the registry cache volume. This field is immutable. If the field is not specified, then the default StorageClass will be used.

The providerConfig.caches[].garbageCollection.ttl field is the time to live of a blob in the cache. If the field is set to 0s, the garbage collection is disabled. Defaults to 168h (7 days). See the Garbage Collection section for more details.

The providerConfig.caches[].secretReferenceName is the name of the reference for the Secret containing the upstream registry credentials. To cache images from a private registry, credentials to the upstream registry should be supplied. For more details, see How to provide credentials for upstream registry.

Note: It is only possible to provide one set of credentials for one private upstream registry.

Garbage Collection

When the registry cache receives a request for an image that is not present in its local store, it fetches the image from the upstream, returns it to the client and stores the image in the local store. The registry cache runs a scheduler that deletes images when their time to live (ttl) expires. When adding an image to the local store, the registry cache also adds a time to live for the image. The ttl defaults to 168h (7 days) and is configurable. The garbage collection can be disabled by setting the ttl to 0s. Requesting an image from the registry cache does not extend the time to live of the image. Hence, an image is always garbage collected from the registry cache store when its ttl expires. At the time of writing this document, there is no functionality for garbage collection based on disk size - e.g., garbage collecting images when a certain disk usage threshold is passed. The garbage collection cannot be enabled once it is disabled. This constraint is added to mitigate distribution/distribution#4249.

Increase the Cache Disk Size

When there is no available disk space, the registry cache continues to respond to requests. However, it cannot store the remotely fetched images locally because it has no free disk space. In such case, it is simply acting as a proxy without being able to cache the images in its local store. The disk has to be resized to ensure that the registry cache continues to cache images.

There are two alternatives to enlarge the cache’s disk size:

[Alternative 1] Resize the PVC

To enlarge the PVC’s size, perform the following steps:

Make sure that the KUBECONFIG environment variable is targeting the correct Shoot cluster.
Find the PVC name to resize for the desired upstream. The below example fetches the PVC for the docker.io upstream:
```
kubectl -n kube-system get pvc -l upstream-host=docker.io
```

Patch the PVC’s size to the desired size. The below example patches the size of a PVC to 10Gi:

kubectl -n kube-system patch pvc $PVC_NAME --type merge -p '{"spec":{"resources":{"requests": {"storage": "10Gi"}}}}'

Make sure that the PVC gets resized. Describe the PVC to check the resize operation result:
```
kubectl -n kube-system describe pvc -l upstream-host=docker.io
```

Drawback of this approach: The cache’s size in the Shoot spec (providerConfig.caches[].size) diverges from the PVC’s size.

[Alternative 2] Remove and Readd the Cache

There is always the option to remove the cache from the Shoot spec and to readd it again with the updated size.

Drawback of this approach: The already cached images get lost and the cache starts with an empty disk.

High Аvailability

The registry cache runs with a single replica. This fact may lead to concerns for the high availability such as “What happens when the registry cache is down? Does containerd fail to pull the image?”. As outlined in the How does it work? section, containerd is configured to fall back to the upstream registry if it fails to pull the image from the registry cache. Hence, when the registry cache is unavailable, the containerd’s image pull operations are not affected because containerd falls back to image pull from the upstream registry.

Possible Pitfalls

The used registry implementation (the Distribution project) supports mirroring of only one upstream registry. The extension deploys a pull-through cache for each configured upstream.
us-docker.pkg.dev, europe-docker.pkg.dev, and asia-docker.pkg.dev are different upstreams. Hence, configuring pkg.dev as upstream won’t cache images from us-docker.pkg.dev, europe-docker.pkg.dev, or asia-docker.pkg.dev.

Limitations

Images that are pulled before a registry cache Pod is running or before a registry cache Service is reachable from the corresponding Node won’t be cached - containerd will pull these images directly from the upstream.
The reasoning behind this limitation is that a registry cache Pod is running in the Shoot cluster. To have a registry cache’s Service cluster IP reachable from containerd running on the Node, the registry cache Pod has to be running and kube-proxy has to configure iptables/IPVS rules for the registry cache Service. If kube-proxy hasn’t configured iptables/IPVS rules for the registry cache Service, then the image pull times (and new Node bootstrap times) will be increased significantly. For more detailed explanations, see point 2. and gardener/gardener-extension-registry-cache#68.
That’s why the registry configuration on a Node is applied only after the registry cache Service is reachable from the Node. The configure-containerd-registries.service systemd unit sends requests to the registry cache’s Service. Once the registry cache responds with HTTP 200, the unit creates the needed registry configuration file (hosts.toml).
As a result, for images from Shoot system components:
- On Shoot creation with the registry cache extension enabled, a registry cache is unable to cache all of the images from the Shoot system components. Usually, until the registry cache Pod is running, containerd pulls from upstream the images from Shoot system components (before the registry configuration gets applied).
- On new Node creation for existing Shoot with the registry cache extension enabled, a registry cache is unable to cache most of the images from Shoot system components. The reachability of the registry cache Service requires the Service network to be set up, i.e., the kube-proxy for that new Node to be running and to have set up iptables/IPVS configuration for the registry cache Service.
containerd requests will time out in 30s in case kube-proxy hasn’t configured iptables/IPVS rules for the registry cache Service - the image pull times will increase significantly.
containerd is configured to fall back to the upstream itself if a request against the cache fails. However, if the cluster IP of the registry cache Service does not exist or if kube-proxy hasn’t configured iptables/IPVS rules for the registry cache Service, then containerd requests against the registry cache time out in 30 seconds. This significantly increases the image pull times because containerd does multiple requests as part of the image pull (HEAD request to resolve the manifest by tag, GET request for the manifest by SHA, GET requests for blobs)
Example: If the Service of a registry cache is deleted, then a new Service will be created. containerd’s registry config will still contain the old Service’s cluster IP. containerd requests against the old Service’s cluster IP will time out and containerd will fall back to upstream.
- Image pull of docker.io/library/alpine:3.13.2 from the upstream takes ~2s while image pull of the same image with invalid registry cache cluster IP takes ~2m.2s.
- Image pull of eu.gcr.io/gardener-project/gardener/ops-toolbelt:0.18.0 from the upstream takes ~10s while image pull of the same image with invalid registry cache cluster IP takes ~3m.10s.

5.8.2 - Configuring the Registry Mirror Extension

Learn what is the use-case for a registry mirror, how to enable and configure it

Configuring the Registry Mirror Extension

Introduction

Use Case

containerd allows registry mirrors to be configured. Use cases are:

Usage of public mirror(s) - for example, circumvent issues with the upstream registry such as rate limiting, outages, and others.
Usage of private mirror(s) - for example, reduce network costs by using a private mirror running in the same network.

Solution

The registry-mirror extension allows the registry mirror configuration to be configured via the Shoot spec directly.

How does it work?

When the extension is enabled, the containerd daemon on the Shoot cluster Nodes gets configured to use the requested mirrors as a mirror. For example, if for the upstream docker.io the mirror https://mirror.gcr.io is configured in the Shoot spec, then containerd gets configured to first pull the image from the mirror (https://mirror.gcr.io in that case). If this image pull operation fails, containerd falls back to the upstream itself (docker.io in that case).

The extension is based on the contract described in containerd Registry Configuration. The corresponding upstream documentation in containerd is Registry Configuration - Introduction.

Shoot Configuration

The Shoot specification has to be adapted to include the registry-mirror extension configuration.

Below is an example of registry-mirror extension configuration as part of the Shoot spec:

apiVersion: core.gardener.cloud/v1beta1
kind: Shoot
metadata:
  name: crazy-botany
  namespace: garden-dev
spec:
  extensions:
  - type: registry-mirror
    providerConfig:
      apiVersion: mirror.extensions.gardener.cloud/v1alpha1
      kind: MirrorConfig
      mirrors:
      - upstream: docker.io
        hosts:
        - host: "https://mirror.gcr.io"
          capabilities: ["pull"]

The providerConfig field is required.

The providerConfig.mirrors field contains information about the registry mirrors to configure. It is a required field. At least one mirror has to be specified.

The providerConfig.mirror[].upstream field is the remote registry host to mirror. It is a required field. The value must be a valid DNS subdomain (RFC 1123) and optionally a port (i.e. <host>[:<port>]). It must not include a scheme.

The providerConfig.mirror[].hosts field represents the mirror hosts to be used for the upstream. At least one mirror host has to be specified.

The providerConfig.mirror[].hosts[].host field is the mirror host. It is a required field. The value must include a scheme - http:// or https://.

The providerConfig.mirror[].hosts[].capabilities field represents the operations a host is capable of performing. This also represents the set of operations for which the mirror host may be trusted to perform. Defaults to ["pull"]. The supported values are pull and resolve. See the capabilities field documentation for more information on which operations are considered trusted ones against public/private mirrors.

5.8.3 - Deploying Registry Cache Extension Locally

Learn how to set up a local development environment

Deploying Registry Cache Extension Locally

Prerequisites

Make sure that you have a running local Gardener setup. The steps to complete this can be found in the Deploying Gardener Locally guide.

Setting up the Registry Cache Extension

Make sure that your KUBECONFIG environment variable is targeting the local Gardener cluster. When this is ensured, run:

make extension-up

The corresponding make target will build the extension image, load it into the kind cluster Nodes, and deploy the registry-cache ControllerDeployment and ControllerRegistration resources. The container image in the ControllerDeployment will be the image that was build and loaded into the kind cluster Nodes.

The make target will then deploy the registry-cache admission component. It will build the admission image, load it into the kind cluster Nodes, and finally install the admission component charts to the kind cluster.

Creating a Shoot Cluster

Once the above step is completed, you can create a Shoot cluster.

example/shoot-registry-cache.yaml contains a Shoot specification with the registry-cache extension:

kubectl create -f example/shoot-registry-cache.yaml

example/shoot-registry-mirror.yaml contains a Shoot specification with the registry-mirror extension:

kubectl create -f example/shoot-registry-mirror.yaml

Tearing Down the Development Environment

To tear down the development environment, delete the Shoot cluster or disable the registry-cache extension in the Shoot’s specification. When the extension is not used by the Shoot anymore, you can run:

make extension-down

The make target will delete the ControllerDeployment and ControllerRegistration of the extension, and the registry-cache admission helm deployment.

5.8.4 - Developer Docs for Gardener Extension Registry Cache

Learn about the inner workings

Developer Docs for Gardener Extension Registry Cache

This document outlines how Shoot reconciliation and deletion works for a Shoot with the registry-cache extension enabled.

Shoot Reconciliation

This section outlines how the reconciliation works for a Shoot with the registry-cache extension enabled.

Extension Enablement / Reconciliation

This section outlines how the extension enablement/reconciliation works, e.g., the extension has been added to the Shoot spec.

As part of the Shoot reconciliation flow, the gardenlet deploys the Extension resource.
The registry-cache extension reconciles the Extension resource. pkg/controller/cache/actuator.go contains the implementation of the extension.Actuator interface. The reconciliation of an Extension of type registry-cache consists of the following steps:
1. The extension checks if a registry has been removed (by comparing the status and the spec of the Extension). If an upstream is being removed, then it deploys the registry-cleaner DaemonSet to the Shoot cluster to clean up the existing configuration for the upstream that has to be removed.
2. The registry-cache extension deploys resources to the Shoot cluster via ManagedResource. For every configured upstream, it creates a StatefulSet (with PVC), Service, and other resources.
3. It lists all Services from the kube-system namespace that have the upstream-host label. It will return an error (and retry in exponential backoff) until the Services count matches the configured registries count.
4. When there is a Service created for each configured upstream registry, the registry-cache extension populates the Extension resource status. In the Extension status, for each upstream, it maintains an endpoint (in the format http://<cluster-ip>:5000) which can be used to access the registry cache from within the Shoot cluster. <cluster-ip> is the cluster IP of the registry cache Service. The cluster IP of a Service is assigned by the Kubernetes API server on Service creation.
As part of the Shoot reconciliation flow, the gardenlet deploys the OperatingSystemConfig resource.
The registry-cache extension serves a webhook that mutates the OperatingSystemConfig resource for Shoots having the registry-cache extension enabled (the corresponding namespace gets labeled by the gardenlet with extensions.gardener.cloud/registry-cache=true). pkg/webhook/cache/ensurer.go contains an implementation of the genericmutator.Ensurer interface.
1. The webhook appends the configure-containerd-registries.sh script to the OperatingSystemConfig files. The script accepts registries in the format <upstream_host>,<registry_cache_endpoint>,<upstream_url> separated by a space. For each given registry, the script waits until the given registry is available (a request to the <registry_cache_endpoint> succeeds). Then it creates a hosts.toml file for the given <upstream_host>. In short, the hosts.toml file instructs containerd to first try to pull images for the given <upstream_host> from the configured <registry_cache_endpoint>. For more information about containerd registry configuration, see the containerd documentation. The motivation to introduce the configure-containerd-registries.sh script is that we need to create the hosts.toml file when the corresponding registry is available. For more details, see gardener/gardener-extension-registry-cache#68.
2. The webhook appends the configure-containerd-registries.service unit to the OperatingSystemConfig units. The webhook fetches the Extension resource, and then it configures the unit to invoke the configure-containerd-registries.sh script with the registries from the Extension status.

Extension Disablement

This section outlines how the extension disablement works, i.e., the extension has to be removed from the Shoot spec.

As part of the Shoot reconciliation flow, the gardenlet destroys the Extension resource because it is no longer needed.
1. If the Extension resource contains registries in its status, the registry-cache extension deploys the registry-cleaner DaemonSet to the Shoot cluster to clean up the existing registry configuration.
2. The extension deletes the ManagedResource containing the registry cache resources.

Shoot Deletion

This section outlines how the deletion works for a Shoot with the registry-cache extension enabled.

As part of the Shoot deletion flow, the gardenlet destroys the Extension resource.
1. In the Shoot deletion flow, the Extension resource is deleted after the Worker resource. Hence, there is no need to deploy the registry-cleaner DaemonSet to the Shoot cluster to clean up the existing registry configuration.
2. The extension deletes the ManagedResource containing the registry cache resources.

5.8.5 - How to provide credentials for upstream registry?

How to provide credentials for upstream registry?

In Kubernetes, to pull images from private container image registries you either have to specify an image pull Secret (see Pull an Image from a Private Registry) or you have to configure the kubelet to dynamically retrieve credentials using a credential provider plugin (see Configure a kubelet image credential provider). When pulling an image, the kubelet is providing the credentials to the CRI implementation. The CRI implementation uses the provided credentials against the upstream registry to pull the image.

The registry-cache extension is using the Distribution project as pull through cache implementation. The Distribution project does not use the provided credentials from the CRI implementation while fetching an image from the upstream. Hence, the above-described scenarios such as configuring image pull Secret for a Pod or configuring kubelet credential provider plugins don’t work out of the box with the pull through cache provided by the registry-cache extension. Instead, the Distribution project supports configuring only one set of credentials for a given pull through cache instance (for a given upstream).

This document describe how to supply credentials for the private upstream registry in order to pull private image with the registry cache.

How to configure the registry cache to use upstream registry credentials?

Create an immutable Secret with the upstream registry credentials in the Garden cluster:

kubectl create -f - <<EOF
apiVersion: v1
kind: Secret
metadata:
  name: ro-docker-secret-v1
  namespace: garden-dev
type: Opaque
immutable: true
data:
  username: $(echo -n $USERNAME | base64 -w0)
  password: $(echo -n $PASSWORD | base64 -w0)
EOF

For Artifact Registry, the username is _json_key and the password is the service account key in JSON format. To base64 encode the service account key, copy it and run:

echo -n $SERVICE_ACCOUNT_KEY_JSON | base64 -w0

Add the newly created Secret as a reference to the Shoot spec, and then to the registry-cache extension configuration.

In the registry-cache configuration, set the secretReferenceName field. It should point to a resource reference under spec.resources. The resource reference itself points to the Secret in project namespace.

apiVersion: core.gardener.cloud/v1beta1
kind: Shoot
# ...
spec:
  extensions:
  - type: registry-cache
    providerConfig:
      apiVersion: registry.extensions.gardener.cloud/v1alpha3
      kind: RegistryConfig
      caches:
      - upstream: docker.io
        secretReferenceName: docker-secret
  # ...
  resources:
  - name: docker-secret
    resourceRef:
      apiVersion: v1
      kind: Secret
      name: ro-docker-secret-v1
# ...

How to rotate the registry credentials?

To rotate registry credentials perform the following steps:

Generate a new pair of credentials in the cloud provider account. Do not invalidate the old ones.
Create a new Secret (e.g., ro-docker-secret-v2) with the newly generated credentials as described in step 1. in How to configure the registry cache to use upstream registry credentials?.
Update the Shoot spec with newly created Secret as described in step 2. in How to configure the registry cache to use upstream registry credentials?.
The above step will trigger a Shoot reconciliation. Wait for it to complete.
Make sure that the old Secret is no longer referenced by any Shoot cluster. Finally, delete the Secret containing the old credentials (e.g., ro-docker-secret-v1).
Delete the corresponding old credentials from the cloud provider account.

Possible Pitfalls

The registry cache is not protected by any authentication/authorization mechanism. The cached images (incl. private images) can be fetched from the registry cache without authentication/authorization. Note that the registry cache itself is not exposed publicly.
The registry cache provides the credentials for every request against the corresponding upstream. In some cases, misconfigured credentials can prevent the registry cache to pull even public images from the upstream (for example: invalid service account key for Artifact Registry). However, this behaviour is controlled by the server-side logic of the upstream registry.

List of Extensions

1 - Infrastructure Extensions

1.1 - Provider Alicloud

Gardener Extension for Alicloud provider

Supported Kubernetes versions

How to start using or developing this extension controller locally

Feedback and Support

Learn more!

1.1.1 - Tutorials

1.1.1.1 - Create a Kubernetes Cluster on Alibaba Cloud with Gardener

Overview

Prerequisites

Steps

Result

1.1.2 - Deployment

Deployment of the AliCloud provider extension

gardener-extension-admission-alicloud

Authentication against the Garden cluster

Virtual Garden is not used, i.e., the runtime Garden cluster is also the target Garden cluster.

Virtual Garden is used, i.e., the runtime Garden cluster is different from the target Garden cluster.

1.1.3 - Local Setup

admission-alicloud

1.1.4 - Operations

Using the Alicloud provider extension with Gardener as operator

CloudProfile resource

CloudProfileConfig

Example CloudProfile manifest

Enable customized machine images for the Alicloud extension

Example ControllerDeployment manifest for enabling customized machine images

Seed resource

Backup configuration

Permissions for Alicloud Object Storage Service

1.1.5 - Usage

Using the Alicloud provider extension with Gardener as end-user

Alicloud Provider Credentials

Permissions

InfrastructureConfig

ControlPlaneConfig

WorkerConfig

Example Shoot manifest (one availability zone)

Example Shoot manifest (two availability zones)

Kubernetes Versions per Worker Pool

Shoot CA Certificate and ServiceAccount Signing Key Rotation

1.2 - Provider AWS

Gardener Extension for AWS provider

Supported Kubernetes versions

Compatibility

How to start using or developing this extension controller locally

Feedback and Support

Learn more!

1.2.1 - Tutorials

Overview

Prerequisites

Steps

Note

Result

1.2.2 - Deployment

Deployment of the AWS provider extension

gardener-extension-admission-aws

Authentication against the Garden cluster

Virtual Garden is not used, i.e., the runtime Garden cluster is also the target Garden cluster.

Virtual Garden is used, i.e., the runtime Garden cluster is different from the target Garden cluster.

1.2.3 - Dual Stack Ingress

Using IPv4/IPv6 (dual-stack) Ingress in an IPv4 single-stack cluster

Motivation

Disadvantages of full IPv4/IPv6 (dual-stack) Deployments

Simplifying IPv4/IPv6 (dual-stack) Ingress with Protocol Translation on AWS

Necessary Shoot Cluster Configuration Changes for IPv4/IPv6 (dual-stack) Ingress

Creating an IPv4/IPv6 (dual-stack) Ingress

1.2.4 - Local Setup

admission-aws

1.2.5 - Operations

Using the AWS provider extension with Gardener as operator

CloudProfile resource

CloudProfileConfig

Example CloudProfile manifest

Seed resource

Backup configuration

Permissions for AWS IAM user

1.2.6 - Usage

Virtual Garden is not used, i.e., the `runtime` Garden cluster is also the `target` Garden cluster.

Virtual Garden is used, i.e., the `runtime` Garden cluster is different from the `target` Garden cluster.

`CloudProfile` resource

`CloudProfileConfig`

Example `CloudProfile` manifest

Example `ControllerDeployment` manifest for enabling customized machine images

`Seed` resource

`InfrastructureConfig`

`ControlPlaneConfig`

`WorkerConfig`

Example `Shoot` manifest (one availability zone)

Example `Shoot` manifest (two availability zones)

Shoot CA Certificate and `ServiceAccount` Signing Key Rotation

Virtual Garden is not used, i.e., the `runtime` Garden cluster is also the `target` Garden cluster.

Virtual Garden is used, i.e., the `runtime` Garden cluster is different from the `target` Garden cluster.

`CloudProfile` resource

`CloudProfileConfig`

Example `CloudProfile` manifest

`Seed` resource

`InfrastructureConfig`

`ControlPlaneConfig`

Examples for `Ingress` and `Service` managed by the AWS Load Balancer Controller:

`WorkerConfig`

Example `Shoot` manifest (one availability zone)

Example `Shoot` manifest (three availability zones)

Shoot CA Certificate and `ServiceAccount` Signing Key Rotation

`Microsoft.Compute`

`Microsoft.ManagedIdentity`

`Microsoft.MarketplaceOrdering`

`Microsoft.Network`

`Microsoft.Resources`

`Microsoft.Storage`

Virtual Garden is not used, i.e., the `runtime` Garden cluster is also the `target` Garden cluster.

Virtual Garden is used, i.e., the `runtime` Garden cluster is different from the `target` Garden cluster.

`CloudProfile` resource

`CloudProfileConfig`

Example `CloudProfile` manifest

`Seed` resource

`InfrastructureConfig`

`ControlPlaneConfig`

`WorkerConfig`

Example `Shoot` manifest (non-zoned)

Example `Shoot` manifest (zoned)

Example `Shoot` manifest (zoned with NAT Gateways per zone)

Shoot CA Certificate and `ServiceAccount` Signing Key Rotation