Dynamic Volume Provisioning

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Overview

The example shows how to run a Postgres database on Kubernetes and how to dynamically provision and mount the storage volumes needed by the database

Run Postgres Database

Define the following Kubernetes resources in a yaml file:

PersistentVolumeClaim (PVC)
Deployment

PersistentVolumeClaim

apiVersion: v1
kind: PersistentVolumeClaim
metadata:
  name: postgresdb-pvc
spec:
  accessModes:
    - ReadWriteOnce
  resources:
    requests:
      storage: 9Gi
  storageClassName: 'default'

This defines a PVC using the storage class default. Storage classes abstract from the underlying storage provider as well as other parameters, like disk-type (e.g., solid-state vs standard disks).

The default storage class has the annotation {“storageclass.kubernetes.io/is-default-class”:“true”}.


$ kubectl describe sc default
Name:            default
IsDefaultClass:  Yes
Annotations:     kubectl.kubernetes.io/last-applied-configuration={"apiVersion":"storage.k8s.io/v1beta1","kind":"StorageClass","metadata":{"annotations":{"storageclass.kubernetes.io/is-default-class":"true"},"labels":{"addonmanager.kubernetes.io/mode":"Exists"},"name":"default","namespace":""},"parameters":{"type":"gp2"},"provisioner":"kubernetes.io/aws-ebs"}
,storageclass.kubernetes.io/is-default-class=true
Provisioner:           kubernetes.io/aws-ebs
Parameters:            type=gp2
AllowVolumeExpansion:  <unset>
MountOptions:          <none>
ReclaimPolicy:         Delete
VolumeBindingMode:     Immediate
Events:                <none>

A Persistent Volume is automatically created when it is dynamically provisioned. In the following example, the PVC is defined as “postgresdb-pvc”, and a corresponding PV “pvc-06c81c30-72ea-11e8-ada2-aa3b2329c8bb” is created and associated with the PVC automatically.

$ kubectl create -f .\postgres_deployment.yaml
persistentvolumeclaim "postgresdb-pvc" created

$ kubectl get pv
NAME                                       CAPACITY   ACCESS MODES   RECLAIM POLICY   STATUS    CLAIM                    STORAGECLASS   REASON    AGE
pvc-06c81c30-72ea-11e8-ada2-aa3b2329c8bb   9Gi        RWO            Delete           Bound     default/postgresdb-pvc   default                  3s

$ kubectl get pvc
NAME             STATUS    VOLUME                                     CAPACITY   ACCESS MODES   STORAGECLASS   AGE
postgresdb-pvc   Bound     pvc-06c81c30-72ea-11e8-ada2-aa3b2329c8bb   9Gi        RWO            default        8s

Notice that the RECLAIM POLICY is Delete (default value), which is one of the two reclaim policies, the other one is Retain. (A third policy Recycle has been deprecated). In the case of Delete, the PV is deleted automatically when the PVC is removed, and the data on the PVC will also be lost.

On the other hand, a PV with Retain policy will not be deleted when the PVC is removed, and moved to Release status, so that data can be recovered by Administrators later.

You can use the kubectl patch command to change the reclaim policy as described in Change the Reclaim Policy of a PersistentVolume or use kubectl edit pv <pv-name> to edit it online as shown below:

$ kubectl get pv
NAME                                       CAPACITY   ACCESS MODES   RECLAIM POLICY   STATUS    CLAIM                    STORAGECLASS   REASON    AGE
pvc-06c81c30-72ea-11e8-ada2-aa3b2329c8bb   9Gi        RWO            Delete           Bound     default/postgresdb-pvc   default                  44m

# change the reclaim policy from "Delete" to "Retain"
$ kubectl edit pv pvc-06c81c30-72ea-11e8-ada2-aa3b2329c8bb
persistentvolume "pvc-06c81c30-72ea-11e8-ada2-aa3b2329c8bb" edited

# check the reclaim policy afterwards
$ kubectl get pv
NAME                                       CAPACITY   ACCESS MODES   RECLAIM POLICY   STATUS    CLAIM                    STORAGECLASS   REASON    AGE
pvc-06c81c30-72ea-11e8-ada2-aa3b2329c8bb   9Gi        RWO            Retain           Bound     default/postgresdb-pvc   default                  45m

Deployment

Once a PVC is created, you can use it in your container via volumes.persistentVolumeClaim.claimName. In the below example, the PVC postgresdb-pvc is mounted as readable and writable, and in volumeMounts two paths in the container are mounted to subfolders in the volume.

apiVersion: apps/v1
kind: Deployment
metadata:
  name: postgres
  namespace: default
  labels:
    app: postgres
  annotations:
    deployment.kubernetes.io/revision: "1"
spec:
  replicas: 1
  strategy:
    type: RollingUpdate
    rollingUpdate:
      maxUnavailable: 1
      maxSurge: 1
  selector:
    matchLabels:
      app: postgres
  template:
    metadata:
      name: postgres
      labels:
        app: postgres
    spec:
      containers:
        - name: postgres
          image: "cpettech.docker.repositories.sap.ondemand.com/jtrack_postgres:howto"
          env:
            - name: POSTGRES_USER
              value: postgres
            - name: POSTGRES_PASSWORD
              value: p5FVqfuJFrM42cVX9muQXxrC3r8S9yn0zqWnFR6xCoPqxqVQ
            - name: POSTGRES_INITDB_XLOGDIR
              value: "/var/log/postgresql/logs"
          ports:
            - containerPort: 5432
          volumeMounts:
            - mountPath: /var/lib/postgresql/data
              name: postgre-db
              subPath: data     # https://github.com/kubernetes/website/pull/2292.  Solve the issue of crashing initdb due to non-empty directory (i.e. lost+found)
            - mountPath: /var/log/postgresql/logs
              name: postgre-db
              subPath: logs
      volumes:
        - name: postgre-db
          persistentVolumeClaim:
            claimName: postgresdb-pvc
            readOnly: false
      imagePullSecrets:
      - name: cpettechregistry

To check the mount points in the container:

$ kubectl get po
NAME                        READY     STATUS    RESTARTS   AGE
postgres-7f485fd768-c5jf9   1/1       Running   0          32m

$ kubectl exec -it postgres-7f485fd768-c5jf9 bash

root@postgres-7f485fd768-c5jf9:/# ls /var/lib/postgresql/data/
base    pg_clog       pg_dynshmem  pg_ident.conf  pg_multixact  pg_replslot  pg_snapshots  pg_stat_tmp  pg_tblspc    PG_VERSION  postgresql.auto.conf  postmaster.opts
global  pg_commit_ts  pg_hba.conf  pg_logical     pg_notify     pg_serial    pg_stat       pg_subtrans  pg_twophase  pg_xlog     postgresql.conf       postmaster.pid

root@postgres-7f485fd768-c5jf9:/# ls /var/log/postgresql/logs/
000000010000000000000001  archive_status

Deleting a PersistentVolumeClaim

In case of a Delete policy, deleting a PVC will also delete its associated PV. If Retain is the reclaim policy, the PV will change status from Bound to Released when the PVC is deleted.

# Check pvc and pv before deletion
$ kubectl get pvc
NAME             STATUS    VOLUME                                     CAPACITY   ACCESS MODES   STORAGECLASS   AGE
postgresdb-pvc   Bound     pvc-06c81c30-72ea-11e8-ada2-aa3b2329c8bb   9Gi        RWO            default        50m

$ kubectl get pv
NAME                                       CAPACITY   ACCESS MODES   RECLAIM POLICY   STATUS    CLAIM                    STORAGECLASS   REASON    AGE
pvc-06c81c30-72ea-11e8-ada2-aa3b2329c8bb   9Gi        RWO            Retain           Bound     default/postgresdb-pvc   default                  50m

# delete pvc
$ kubectl delete pvc postgresdb-pvc
persistentvolumeclaim "postgresdb-pvc" deleted

# pv changed to status "Released"
$ kubectl get pv
NAME                                       CAPACITY   ACCESS MODES   RECLAIM POLICY   STATUS     CLAIM                    STORAGECLASS   REASON    AGE
pvc-06c81c30-72ea-11e8-ada2-aa3b2329c8bb   9Gi        RWO            Retain           Released   default/postgresdb-pvc   default                  51m